TY - JOUR
T1 - Worldwide distribution, associated factors, and trends of gallbladder cancer
T2 - a global country-level analysis
AU - Huang, Junjie
AU - Patel, Harsh K.
AU - Boakye, Daniel
AU - Chandrasekar, Viveksandeep Thoguluva
AU - Koulaouzidis, Anastasios
AU - Lucero-Prisno III, Don Eliseo
AU - Ngai, Chun Ho
AU - Pun, Ching Nei
AU - Bai, Yijun
AU - Lok, Veeleah
AU - Liu, Xianjing
AU - Zhang, Lin
AU - Yuan, Jinqiu
AU - Xu, Wanghong
AU - Zheng, Zhi-Jie
AU - Wong, Martin CS
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors
PY - 2021/11/28
Y1 - 2021/11/28
N2 - This study aimed to evaluate the global distribution, associated factors, and epidemiologic trends of gallbladder cancer (GBC) by country, sex, and age groups. The Global Cancer Observatory was interrogated for the disease burden of GBC using age-standardized rates (ASR). The prevalence of different potential risk factors for each country was extracted from Global Health Observatory and their associations with GBC incidence and mortality were examined by linear regression analysis using beta coefficients (β). The Cancer Incidence in Five Continents I-XI and the WHO Mortality database were searched and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) was generated from joinpoint regression analysis. The incidence (ASR = 2.3) and mortality (ASR = 1.7) of GBC varied globally in 2018 and were higher in more developed countries and among females. Countries with higher incidence had higher human development index (βmale = 0.37; βfemale = 0.27), gross domestic products (βmale = 0.13) and higher prevalence of current smoking (βfemale = 0.05), overweight (βmale = 0.02), obesity (βmale = 0.03), and hypercholesterolaemia (βmale = 0.07). Similar patterns of associations were also observed for mortality with an additional association found for diabetes (βfemale = 0.07). Although there was an overall decreasing trend in mortality, an increasing trend in incidence was observed among some populations, particularly in males (AAPCs, 8.97 to 1.92) and in younger individuals aged <50 years (AAPCs, 12.02 to 5.66). The incidence of GBC varied between countries and was related to differences in the prevalence of potential risk factors. There was an increasing incidence trend among males and younger individuals. More intensive lifestyle modifications and disease surveillance are recommended for these populations.
AB - This study aimed to evaluate the global distribution, associated factors, and epidemiologic trends of gallbladder cancer (GBC) by country, sex, and age groups. The Global Cancer Observatory was interrogated for the disease burden of GBC using age-standardized rates (ASR). The prevalence of different potential risk factors for each country was extracted from Global Health Observatory and their associations with GBC incidence and mortality were examined by linear regression analysis using beta coefficients (β). The Cancer Incidence in Five Continents I-XI and the WHO Mortality database were searched and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) was generated from joinpoint regression analysis. The incidence (ASR = 2.3) and mortality (ASR = 1.7) of GBC varied globally in 2018 and were higher in more developed countries and among females. Countries with higher incidence had higher human development index (βmale = 0.37; βfemale = 0.27), gross domestic products (βmale = 0.13) and higher prevalence of current smoking (βfemale = 0.05), overweight (βmale = 0.02), obesity (βmale = 0.03), and hypercholesterolaemia (βmale = 0.07). Similar patterns of associations were also observed for mortality with an additional association found for diabetes (βfemale = 0.07). Although there was an overall decreasing trend in mortality, an increasing trend in incidence was observed among some populations, particularly in males (AAPCs, 8.97 to 1.92) and in younger individuals aged <50 years (AAPCs, 12.02 to 5.66). The incidence of GBC varied between countries and was related to differences in the prevalence of potential risk factors. There was an increasing incidence trend among males and younger individuals. More intensive lifestyle modifications and disease surveillance are recommended for these populations.
KW - Cholecyst
KW - Incidence
KW - Malignancy
KW - Mortality
KW - Risk factors
KW - Temporal pattern
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85114751836&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.004
DO - 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.004
M3 - Article
C2 - 34506845
AN - SCOPUS:85114751836
SN - 0304-3835
VL - 521
SP - 238
EP - 251
JO - Cancer Letters
JF - Cancer Letters
ER -
