UpStreAm doxycycline in ST-eLeVation myocArdial infarction: targetinG infarct hEaling and ModulatIon (SALVAGE-MI trial)

Aims Experimental studies demonstrate protective effects of doxycycline on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. The trial investigated whether doxycycline administered prior to reperfusion in patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) reduces infarct size (IS) and ameliorates adverse left ventricular (LV) remodelling. Methods and results In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients presenting with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) were randomized to either intravenous doxycycline or placebo prior to reperfusion followed by 7 days of oral doxycycline or placebo. The primary outcome was final IS adjusted for area-at-risk (fIS/AAR) measured on two cardiac magnetic resonance scans ∼6 months apart. Of 103 participants, 50 were randomized to doxycycline and 53 to placebo and were matched for age (59 ± 12 vs. 60 ± 10 years), male sex (92% vs. 79%), diabetes mellitus (26% vs. 11%) and left anterior descending artery occlusion (50% vs. 49%), all P > 0.05. Patients treated with doxycycline had a trend for larger fIS/AAR [0.79 (0.5–0.9) vs. 0.61 (0.47–0.76), P = 0.06], larger fIS at 6 months [18.8% (12–26) vs. 13.6% (11–21), P = 0.08], but similar acute IS [21.7% (17–34) vs. 19.4% (14–27), P = 0.19] and AAR [26% (20–36) vs. 24.7% (16–31), P = 0.22] compared with placebo. Doxycycline did not ameliorate adverse LV remodelling [%Δend-diastolic volume index, 1.1% (-3.8–8.4) vs. -1.34% (-6.1–5.8), P = 0.42] and was independently associated with larger fIS (regression coefficient = 0.175, P = 0.03). Conclusion Doxycycline prior to PPCI neither reduced IS acutely or at six months nor attenuated adverse LV remodelling. These data raise safety concerns regarding doxycycline use in STEMI for infarct modulation and healing.