Untangling the GNSS-R coherent and incoherent components: experimental evidences over the ocean

Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflected (GNSS-R) signals exhibit an incoherent and a coherent components [1], [2]. Current models assume that one or the other are dominant, and the calibration, and geophysical parameter retrieval (eg. wind speed, soil moisture...) are developed accordingly. Even the presence itself of the coherent component of a GNSS reflected signal has been a matter of discussion in the last years. In this work, the method used in [3] to separate the leakage of the direct signal from the reflected one is applied to a set of GNSS signals reflected collected over the ocean by the MIR [4], [5], an airborne dual-band (L1/E1 and L5/E5a), multi-constellation (GPS and Galileo) GNSS-R instrument with two 19-elements array with 4 beam-steered each. The results presented demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique to untangle the coherent and incoherent components in GNSS reflected signals. This technique allows the processing of these components separately, which will increase the calibration accuracy (as today both are mixed together), and allows high resolution applications since the spatial resolution of the coherent component is determined by the size of the first Fresnel zone [6] (300-500 meters from a LEO satellite), and not by the size of the glistening zone (25 km from a LEO satellite).