TY - JOUR
T1 - Unravelling the formation histories of placer gold and platinum-group mineral particles from Corrego Bom Successo, Brazil
T2 - A window into noble metal cycling
AU - Reith, F.
AU - Nolze, Gert
AU - Saliwan-Neumann, R.
AU - Etschmann, Barbara
AU - Kilburn, Matthew R.
AU - Brugger, Joël
N1 - Funding Information:
We acknowledge the following institutions and individuals for their contributions: Australian Research Council (ARC-FT100150200 to FR); Adelaide Microscopy and the Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis at UWA (both of which are nodes of the Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Facility); Tina Reith for in field support; A. R. Cabral and B. Lehmann are thanked for providing motivation and initial field support; and Greg Rinder for his excellent graphics support. We appreciate the comments by the reviewer Prof. J.F.W Bowles and the anonymous reviewer, which have improved the manuscript, as well as the handling and comments by the editor Prof. F. Pirajno.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 International Association for Gondwana Research
PY - 2019/12
Y1 - 2019/12
N2 - Gold and platinum-group-metals (PGM) are cycled through Earth's environments by interwoven geological, physical, chemical and biological processes leading to the trans/neoformation of metallic particles in placers. The placer deposit at Corrego Bom Successo (CBS, Brazil) is one of the few localities worldwide containing secondary gold- and PGM-particles. Placer gold consists of detrital particles from nearby hydrothermal deposits that were transformed in the surface environment. Processes that have affected these particles include short-distance transport, chemical de-alloying of the primary gold‑silver, and (bio)geochemical dissolution/re-precipitation of gold leading to the formation of pure, secondary gold and the dispersion of gold nanoparticles. The latter processes are likely mediated by non-living organic matter (OM) and bacterial biofilms residing on the particles. The biofilms are largely composed of metallophillic β- and γ-Proteobacteria. Abundant mobile gold and platinum nanoparticles were detected in surface waters, suggesting similar mobilities of these metals. Earlier hydrothermal processes have led to the formation of coarsely-crystalline, arborescent dendritic potarite (PdHg). On potarite surfaces, biogeochemical processes have then led to the formation of platinum- and palladium-rich micro-crystalline layers, which make up the botryoidal platinum‑palladium aggregates. Subsequently potarite was dissolved from the core of many aggregates leaving voids now often filled by secondary anatase (TiO2) containing biophilic elements. The presence of fungal structures associated with the anatase suggests that fungi may have contributed to its formation. For the first time a primary magmatic PGM-particle comprising a mono-crystalline platinum‑palladium-alloy with platinum‑iridium‑osmium inclusions was described from this locality, finally defining a possible primary source for the PGM mineralisation. In conclusion, the formation of modern-day placer gold- and PGM-particles at CBS began 100s of millions of years ago by magmatic and hydrothermal processes. These provided the metal sources for more recent biogeochemical cycling of PGEs and gold that led to the trans/neoformation of gold- and PGM-particles.
AB - Gold and platinum-group-metals (PGM) are cycled through Earth's environments by interwoven geological, physical, chemical and biological processes leading to the trans/neoformation of metallic particles in placers. The placer deposit at Corrego Bom Successo (CBS, Brazil) is one of the few localities worldwide containing secondary gold- and PGM-particles. Placer gold consists of detrital particles from nearby hydrothermal deposits that were transformed in the surface environment. Processes that have affected these particles include short-distance transport, chemical de-alloying of the primary gold‑silver, and (bio)geochemical dissolution/re-precipitation of gold leading to the formation of pure, secondary gold and the dispersion of gold nanoparticles. The latter processes are likely mediated by non-living organic matter (OM) and bacterial biofilms residing on the particles. The biofilms are largely composed of metallophillic β- and γ-Proteobacteria. Abundant mobile gold and platinum nanoparticles were detected in surface waters, suggesting similar mobilities of these metals. Earlier hydrothermal processes have led to the formation of coarsely-crystalline, arborescent dendritic potarite (PdHg). On potarite surfaces, biogeochemical processes have then led to the formation of platinum- and palladium-rich micro-crystalline layers, which make up the botryoidal platinum‑palladium aggregates. Subsequently potarite was dissolved from the core of many aggregates leaving voids now often filled by secondary anatase (TiO2) containing biophilic elements. The presence of fungal structures associated with the anatase suggests that fungi may have contributed to its formation. For the first time a primary magmatic PGM-particle comprising a mono-crystalline platinum‑palladium-alloy with platinum‑iridium‑osmium inclusions was described from this locality, finally defining a possible primary source for the PGM mineralisation. In conclusion, the formation of modern-day placer gold- and PGM-particles at CBS began 100s of millions of years ago by magmatic and hydrothermal processes. These provided the metal sources for more recent biogeochemical cycling of PGEs and gold that led to the trans/neoformation of gold- and PGM-particles.
KW - Biogeochemical cycling
KW - Biomineralisation
KW - Gold, platinum-group-metals
KW - Magmatic and hydrothermal processes
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85082011502&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.003
DO - 10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.003
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85082011502
SN - 1342-937X
VL - 76
SP - 246
EP - 259
JO - Gondwana Research
JF - Gondwana Research
ER -