Triassic two-stage intra-continental orogensis of the South China Block, driven by Paleotethyan closure and interactions with adjoining blocks

The South China Block (SCB) is tectonically bounded by the Tethyan and Pacific subduction zones and the Qinling-Dabie HP-UHP metamorphic zone. Triassic tectonic activity was a key phase in the tectonic history of the SCB and in creating the fundamental framework of East Asia. The geometry and kinematics of the Triassic deformation sheds light on the mechanism driving intra-continental orogenesis in the SCB. Our new field- and mapped- based structural analysis, along with thermo-chronological dating results, reveal two-stage distinct Triassic deformations in the southern SCB involving top-to-north dextral thrusting at ~250–225 Ma and NE-trending sinistral transpression at ~230–190 Ma. Early Triassic dextral transpression is marked by WNW-trending high-strain zones and thrust nappes/sheets, which might have been rooted beneath the Hainan-Yunkai basement along a low angle, middle-upper crustal basal detachment. It transformed from a thick-skinned fold-and-thrust belt to thin-skinned Jura-like patterns with northerly-propagating deformation. Late Triassic NE-trending sinistral transpression was accompanied by a series of the parallel folds and thrusts in the SCB interior, resulting in the development of the regional positive-flower geometry and reactivation of the pre-existing structures. Such signatures, in combination with the available geological, geochronological, and paleogeographic observations, suggest two-stage (early-middle and late Triassic) intra-continental orogenesis in the SCB, were controlled by the clockwise scissor-like closure of the Paleotethyan Ocean and its interactions with the adjoining blocks including deep-subduction beneath the North China Block and limited lateral extrusion due to the obstructing paleo-Pacific plate.