TY - JOUR
T1 - Trends in the Incidence of End-Stage Kidney Disease in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Australia, 2010-2019
AU - Morton, Jedidiah I.
AU - Carstensen, Bendix
AU - McDonald, Stephen P.
AU - Polkinghorne, Kevan R.
AU - Shaw, Jonathan E.
AU - Magliano, Dianna J.
N1 - Funding Information:
Dr Morton is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship and Monash Graduate Excellence Scholarship from Monash University. Dr Shaw is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant. Dr Magliano is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Senior Research Fellowship . This work was partly supported by a Diabetes Australia Research Program grant and the Victoria State Government Operational Infrastructure Support Program. ANZDATA is funded by the Australian Organ and Tissue Authority , the New Zealand Ministry of Health, and Kidney Health Australia. No funder played a role in study design/conduct, data collection, analysis/interpretation of data, manuscript preparation, or decision to submit for publication.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
PY - 2023/11
Y1 - 2023/11
N2 - Rationale & Objective: Trends in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) among people with diabetes may inform clinical management and public health strategies. We estimated trends in the incidence of ESKD among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Australia from 2010-2019 and evaluated their associated factors. Study Design: Cohort study. Setting & Participants: 71,700 people with type 1 and 1,112,690 people with type 2 diabetes registered on the Australian National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS). We estimated the incidence of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) via linkage to the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) and the incidence of KRT or death from ESKD by linking the NDSS to the ANZDATA and the National Death Index for Australia. Predictors: Calendar time, sex, age, and duration of diabetes. Outcome: Incidence of KRT and KRT or death from ESKD. Analytical Approach: Incidence of ESKD, trends over time, and associations with factors related to these trends were modeled using Poisson regression stratified by diabetes type and sex. Results: The median duration of diabetes increased from 15.3 to 16.8 years in type 1 diabetes, and from 7.6 to 10.2 years in type 2 diabetes between 2010 and 2019. The incidence of KRT and KRT or death from ESKD did not significantly change over this time interval among people with type 1 diabetes. Conversely, the age-adjusted incidence of KRT and KRT or death from ESKD increased among males with type 2 diabetes (annual percent changes [APCs]: 2.52% [95% CI, 1.54 to −3.52] and 1.27% [95% CI, 0.53 2.03], respectively), with no significant change among females (0.67% [95% CI, −0.68 to 2.04] and 0.07% [95% CI, −0.81 to 0.96], respectively). After further adjustment for duration of diabetes, the incidence of ESKD fell between 2010 and 2019, with APCs of −0.09% (95% CI, −1.06 to 0.89) and −2.63% (95% CI, −3.96 to −1.27) for KRT and −0.97% (95% CI, −1.71 to −0.23) and −2.75% (95% CI, −3.62 to −1.87) for KRT or death from ESKD among males and females, respectively. Limitations: NDSS only captures 80%-90% of people with diabetes; lack of clinical covariates limits understanding of trends. Conclusions: While the age-adjusted incidence of ESKD increased for males and was stable for females over the last decade, after adjusting for increases in duration of diabetes the risk of developing ESKD has decreased for both males and females. Plain-Language Summary: Previous studies showed an increase in new cases of kidney failure among people with type 2 diabetes, but more recent data have not been available. Here, we report trends in the rate of kidney failure for people with type 2 diabetes from 2010 to 2019 and showed that while more people with type 2 diabetes are developing kidney failure, accounting for the fact that they are also surviving longer (and therefore have a higher chance of kidney failure) the growth in this population is not caused by a higher risk of kidney failure. Nevertheless, more people are getting kidney failure than before, which will impact health care systems for years to come.
AB - Rationale & Objective: Trends in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) among people with diabetes may inform clinical management and public health strategies. We estimated trends in the incidence of ESKD among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Australia from 2010-2019 and evaluated their associated factors. Study Design: Cohort study. Setting & Participants: 71,700 people with type 1 and 1,112,690 people with type 2 diabetes registered on the Australian National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS). We estimated the incidence of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) via linkage to the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) and the incidence of KRT or death from ESKD by linking the NDSS to the ANZDATA and the National Death Index for Australia. Predictors: Calendar time, sex, age, and duration of diabetes. Outcome: Incidence of KRT and KRT or death from ESKD. Analytical Approach: Incidence of ESKD, trends over time, and associations with factors related to these trends were modeled using Poisson regression stratified by diabetes type and sex. Results: The median duration of diabetes increased from 15.3 to 16.8 years in type 1 diabetes, and from 7.6 to 10.2 years in type 2 diabetes between 2010 and 2019. The incidence of KRT and KRT or death from ESKD did not significantly change over this time interval among people with type 1 diabetes. Conversely, the age-adjusted incidence of KRT and KRT or death from ESKD increased among males with type 2 diabetes (annual percent changes [APCs]: 2.52% [95% CI, 1.54 to −3.52] and 1.27% [95% CI, 0.53 2.03], respectively), with no significant change among females (0.67% [95% CI, −0.68 to 2.04] and 0.07% [95% CI, −0.81 to 0.96], respectively). After further adjustment for duration of diabetes, the incidence of ESKD fell between 2010 and 2019, with APCs of −0.09% (95% CI, −1.06 to 0.89) and −2.63% (95% CI, −3.96 to −1.27) for KRT and −0.97% (95% CI, −1.71 to −0.23) and −2.75% (95% CI, −3.62 to −1.87) for KRT or death from ESKD among males and females, respectively. Limitations: NDSS only captures 80%-90% of people with diabetes; lack of clinical covariates limits understanding of trends. Conclusions: While the age-adjusted incidence of ESKD increased for males and was stable for females over the last decade, after adjusting for increases in duration of diabetes the risk of developing ESKD has decreased for both males and females. Plain-Language Summary: Previous studies showed an increase in new cases of kidney failure among people with type 2 diabetes, but more recent data have not been available. Here, we report trends in the rate of kidney failure for people with type 2 diabetes from 2010 to 2019 and showed that while more people with type 2 diabetes are developing kidney failure, accounting for the fact that they are also surviving longer (and therefore have a higher chance of kidney failure) the growth in this population is not caused by a higher risk of kidney failure. Nevertheless, more people are getting kidney failure than before, which will impact health care systems for years to come.
KW - Demography
KW - diabetes
KW - end-stage kidney disease
KW - end-stage renal disease
KW - kidney failure
KW - renal failure
KW - type 1 diabetes
KW - type 2 diabetes
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85169508842&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.04.007
DO - 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.04.007
M3 - Article
C2 - 37487818
AN - SCOPUS:85169508842
SN - 0272-6386
VL - 82
SP - 608
EP - 616
JO - American Journal of Kidney Diseases
JF - American Journal of Kidney Diseases
IS - 5
ER -