@article{9279bb7db51747dd959afbd9f4ee6328,
title = "Trends in methamphetamine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003–2019",
abstract = "Introduction: To describe trends in methamphetamine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019. Methods: Data comprised patterns of use and price from sentinel samples of people who inject drugs and who use MDMA/other illicit stimulants and population-level amphetamine-related police seizures, arrests, hospitalisations, treatment episodes and deaths from approximately 2003 to 2019. Bayesian autoregressive time-series models were analysed for: no change; constant rate of change; and change over time differing in rate after one to three changepoints. Related indicators were analysed post hoc with identical changepoints. Results: The percentage of people who inject drugs reporting weekly use increased from 2010 to 2013 onwards, while use among samples of people who regularly use ecstasy and other illicit stimulants decreased. Seizures and arrests rose steeply from around 2009/10 to 2014/15 and subsequently plateaued. Price increased ($15.9 [95% credible interval, CrI $9.9, $28.9] per point of crystal per year) from around 2009 to 2011, plateauing and then declining from around 2017. Hospitalisation rates increased steeply from around 2009/10 until 2015/16, with a small subsequent decline. Treatment also increased (19.8 episodes [95% CrI 13.2, 27.6] with amphetamines as the principal drug of concern per 100 000 persons per year) from 2010/11 onwards. Deaths involving amphetamines increased (0.285 per 100 000 persons per year) from 2012 until 2016. Discussion and Conclusions: These findings suggest that problematic methamphetamine use and harms escalated from 2010 to 2012 onwards in Australia, with continued demand and a sustained market for methamphetamine. [Correction added on 30 May 2022, after first online publication: In the Abstract under {\textquoteleft}Discussion and Conclusions{\textquoteright} {\textquoteleft}onwards{\textquoteright} has been added after … 2010 to 2012].",
keywords = "dependence, epidemiology, injecting drug use, methamphetamine, stimulant",
author = "Nicola Man and Sisson, {Scott A.} and Rebecca McKetin and Agata Chrzanowska and Raimondo Bruno and Dietze, {Paul M.} and Olivia Price and Louisa Degenhardt and Daisy Gibbs and Caroline Salom and Amy Peacock",
note = "Funding Information: AP has received untied educational grants from Seqirus and Mundipharma for post‐marketing surveillance of pharmaceutical opioids. RB discloses an untied educational grant from Mundipharma and Indivior for study of opioid medications. PMD discloses an investigator‐driven research grant from Gilead Sciences for work related to hepatitis C. He has served as an unpaid member of an Advisory Board for Mundipharma. LD discloses untied educational grants from Seqirus, Indivior, and Mundipharma for the study of opioid medications. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Funding Information: Thanks to Lauren Moran and Nathan Bonamy of the Australian Bureau of Statistics for their assistance with the causes of death data. We would also like to acknowledge the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and jurisdictional data custodians for their provision of data from the National Hospital Morbidity Database and the Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services National Minimum Data Set. We would like to thank the Chief Investigators and the broader Drug Trends team, past and present, for their contribution to the IDRS and EDRS. We would also like to thank the thousands of participants who have shared their experiences and expertise with us over the years. Drug Trends and the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre are funded by the Australian Government Department of Health under the Drug and Alcohol Program. AP is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Fellowship (#1174630), LD by an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship (#1135991) and PD by an NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (#1136908). LD is supported by National Institute of Health grants National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA1104470). Open access publishing facilitated by University of New South Wales, as part of the Wiley – University of New South Wales agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians. Funding Information: Thanks to Lauren Moran and Nathan Bonamy of the Australian Bureau of Statistics for their assistance with the causes of death data. We would also like to acknowledge the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and jurisdictional data custodians for their provision of data from the National Hospital Morbidity Database and the Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services National Minimum Data Set. We would like to thank the Chief Investigators and the broader Drug Trends team, past and present, for their contribution to the IDRS and EDRS. We would also like to thank the thousands of participants who have shared their experiences and expertise with us over the years. Drug Trends and the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre are funded by the Australian Government Department of Health under the Drug and Alcohol Program. AP is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Fellowship (#1174630), LD by an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship (#1135991) and PD by an NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (#1136908). LD is supported by National Institute of Health grants National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA1104470). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors. Drug and Alcohol Review published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.",
year = "2022",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1111/dar.13468",
language = "English",
volume = "41",
pages = "1041--1052",
journal = "Drug and Alcohol Review",
issn = "0959-5236",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "5",
}