Three-dimensional variable amplitude pseudo-derivative normal pulse polarography. Theory, instrumentation and analytical applications

Using microprocessor based instrumentation, it is shown that the technique of variable amplitude pseudo-derivative normal pulse (pdnp) polarography can be extended to three dimensions with the measurement of current-time profiles on each pulse. Theory is presented for electrode processes with slow electron transfer and the ability to obtain variable, amplitude, variable time data in a higly, sensitive pulse mode from a single polarogram is considered to be most advantageous. The analytical application of this three-dimensional technique is experimentally examined in this work as an indicator of kinetic complications which lead to unrecognized forms of interference in the determination of unknown samples when standard analytical procedures are used. The combination of higher sensitivity, simpler theory and instrumentation, and greater versatility than differential pulse polarography should make the technique attractive in routine analytical chemistry.