@article{00ec92b80de54b6488647774e514e6b2,
title = "The vitamin E derivative garcinoic acid from Garcinia kola nut seeds attenuates the inflammatory response",
abstract = " The plant Garcinia kola is used in African ethno-medicine to treat various oxidation- and inflammation-related diseases but its bioactive compounds are not well characterized. Garcinoic acid (GA) is one of the few phytochemicals that have been isolated from Garcinia kola. We investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of the methanol extract of Garcinia kola seeds (NE) and purified GA, as a major phytochemical in these seeds, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and its anti-atherosclerotic potential in high fat diet fed ApoE −/− mice. This study outlines an optimized procedure for the extraction and purification of GA from Garcinia kola seeds with an increased yield and a purity of >99%. We found that LPS-induced upregulation of iNos and Cox2 expression, and the formation of the respective signaling molecules nitric oxide and prostanoids, were significantly diminished by both the NE and GA. In addition, GA treatment in mice decreased intra-plaque inflammation by attenuating nitrotyrosinylation. Further, modulation of lymphocyte sub-populations in blood and spleen have been detected, showing immune regulative properties of GA. Our study provides molecular insights into the anti-inflammatory activities of Garcinia kola and reveals GA as promising natural lead for the development of multi-target drugs to treat inflammation-driven diseases.",
keywords = "Atherosclerosis, Garcinia kola seeds, Garcinoic acid, Inflammatory response, Macrophage activation",
author = "Maria Wallert and Julia Bauer and Stefan Kluge and Lisa Schm{\"o}lz and Chen, {Yung Chih} and Melanie Ziegler and Searle, {Amy K.} and Alexander Maxones and Martin Schubert and Maria Th{\"u}rmer and Helmut Pein and Andreas Koeberle and Oliver Werz and Marc Birringer and Karlheinz Peter and Stefan Lorkowski",
note = "Funding Information: The project was funded to SL by grants from Forschungskreis der Ern{\"a}hrungsindustrie ( FEI ) as part of an AiF (Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen “Otto von Guericke”) project of the Industrielle Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF) and Th{\"u}ringer Ministerium f{\"u}r Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur, Stiftung f{\"u}r Technologie und Forschung. Work of MW is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Wa 3836/1-1 ). Work of SL and AK is also supported by the DFG ( RTG1715 ) and work of SL additionally by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, Grant agreement number 01EA1411A ) and the Free State of Thuringia and the European Social Fund (2016 FGR 0045). The work of LS and OW is supported by the Free State of Thuringia and the European Social Fund (2016 FGR 0045), and OW and SL are funded by the DFG SFB 1278 Polytarget. AK was funded by the DFG ( KO 4589/7-1 ). Garcinia kola seeds were a kind gift from AnalytiCon Discovery (Potsdam, Germany). Funding Information: The project was funded to SL by grants from Forschungskreis der Ern{\"a}hrungsindustrie (FEI) as part of an AiF (Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen “Otto von Guericke”) project of the Industrielle Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF) and Th{\"u}ringer Ministerium f{\"u}r Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur, Stiftung f{\"u}r Technologie und Forschung. Work of MW is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Wa 3836/1-1). Work of SL and AK is also supported by the DFG (RTG1715) and work of SL additionally by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, Grant agreement number 01EA1411A) and the Free State of Thuringia and the European Social Fund (2016 FGR 0045). The work of LS and OW is supported by the Free State of Thuringia and the European Social Fund (2016 FGR 0045), and OW and SL are funded by the DFG SFB 1278 Polytarget. AK was funded by the DFG (KO 4589/7-1). Garcinia kola seeds were a kind gift from AnalytiCon Discovery (Potsdam, Germany). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 The Authors",
year = "2019",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1016/j.redox.2019.101166",
language = "English",
volume = "24",
journal = "Redox Biology",
issn = "2213-2317",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
}