Abstract
We present the source associations, cross-identifications, and multi-wavelength properties of the faint radio source population detected in the deep tier of the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS): the LoTSS Deep Fields. The first LoTSS Deep Fields data release consists of deep radio imaging at 150 MHz of the ELAIS-N1, Lockman Hole, and Boötes fields, down to RMS sensitives of around 20, 22, and 32 μJy beam-1, respectively. These fields are some of the best studied extra-galactic fields in the northern sky, with existing deep, wide-area panchromatic photometry from X-ray to infrared wavelengths, covering a total of ≈26 deg2. We first generated improved multi-wavelength catalogues in ELAIS-N1 and Lockman Hole; combined with the existing catalogue for Boötes, we present forced, matched aperture photometry for over 7.2 million sources across the three fields. We identified multi-wavelength counterparts to the radio detected sources, using a combination of the Likelihood Ratio method and visual classification, which greatly enhances the scientific potential of radio surveys and allows for the characterisation of the photometric redshifts and the physical properties of the host galaxies. The final radio-optical cross-matched catalogue consists of 81 951 radio-detected sources, with counterparts identified and multi-wavelength properties presented for 79 820 (>97%) sources. We also examine the properties of the host galaxies, and through stacking analysis find that the radio population with no identified counterpart is likely dominated by active galactic nuclei (AGN) at z ~ 3-4. This dataset contains one of the largest samples of radio-selected star-forming galaxies and AGN at these depths, making it ideal for studying the history of star-formation, and the evolution of galaxies and AGN across cosmic time.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | A3 |
| Number of pages | 31 |
| Journal | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| Volume | 648 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Apr 2021 |
Keywords
- Catalogs
- Radio continuum: Galaxies
- Surveys
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In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 648, A3, 01.04.2021.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - The LOFAR two-meter sky survey
T2 - Deep fields data release 1: III. Host-galaxy identifications and value added catalogues
AU - Kondapally, R.
AU - Best, P. N.
AU - Hardcastle, M. J.
AU - Nisbet, D.
AU - Bonato, M.
AU - Sabater, J.
AU - Duncan, K. J.
AU - McCheyne, I.
AU - Cochrane, R. K.
AU - Bowler, R. A.A.
AU - Williams, W. L.
AU - Shimwell, T. W.
AU - Tasse, C.
AU - Croston, J. H.
AU - Goyal, A.
AU - Jamrozy, M.
AU - Jarvis, M. J.
AU - Mahatma, V. H.
AU - Röttgering, H. J.A.
AU - Smith, D. J.B.
AU - Wołowska, A.
AU - Bondi, M.
AU - Brienza, M.
AU - Brown, M. J.I.
AU - Brüggen, M.
AU - Chambers, K.
AU - Garrett, M. A.
AU - Gürkan, G.
AU - Huber, M.
AU - Kunert-Bajraszewska, M.
AU - Magnier, E.
AU - Mingo, B.
AU - Mostert, R.
AU - Nikiel-Wroczyński, B.
AU - O'Sullivan, S. P.
AU - Paladino, R.
AU - Ploeckinger, T.
AU - Prandoni, I.
AU - Rosenthal, M. J.
AU - Schwarz, D. J.
AU - Shulevski, A.
AU - Wagenveld, J. D.
AU - Wang, L.
N1 - Funding Information: Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Part of this work was carried out on the Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of the SURF Cooperative through grant e-infra 160022 & 160152. The LOFAR software and dedicated reduction packages on https: //github.com/apmechev/GRID_LRT were deployed on the e-infrastructure by the LOFAR e-infragroup, consisting of J. B. R. Oonk (ASTRON & Leiden Observatory), A. P. Mechev (Leiden Observatory) and T. Shimwell (ASTRON) with support from N. Danezi (SURFsara) and C. Schrijvers (SURFsara). This research has made use of the University of Hertfordshire high-performance computing facility (http://uhhpc.herts.ac.uk/) and the LOFAR-UK computing facility located at the University of Hertfordshire and supported by STFC [ST/P000096/1]. This research made use of ASTROPY, a community-developed core Python package for astronomy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018) hosted at http://www.astropy.org/, of MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007), of APLPY, an open-source astronomical plotting package for Python hosted at http://aplpy.github.com/, and of TOPCAT and STILTS (Taylor 2005, 2006). This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www. cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This work is based on observations obtained with MegaPrime/MegaCam, a joint project of CFHT and CEA/DAPNIA, at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) which is operated by the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) of France, and the University of Hawaii. This research used the facilities of the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre operated by the National Research Council of Canada with the support of the Canadian Space Agency. RCSLenS data processing was made possible thanks to significant computing support from the NSERC Research Tools and Instruments grant program. This work is based in part on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which was operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA. This research has made use of data from HerMES project (https://hedam.lam.fr/HerMES/). HerMES is a Herschel Key Programme utilising Guaranteed Time from the SPIRE instrument team, ESAC scientists and a mission scientist. The HerMES data was accessed through the Herschel Database in Marseille (HeDaM - http://hedam.lam.fr) operated by CeSAM and hosted by the Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille. This work is based in part on observations made with the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). GALEX is a NASA Small Explorer, launched in 2003 April. We gratefully acknowledge NASA’s support for construction, operation, and science analysis for the GALEX mission, developed in cooperation with the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales of France and the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology. Funding Information: International LOFAR Telescope (ILT) under project codes LC0_015, LC2_024, LC2_038, LC3_008, LC4_008, LC4_034 and LT10_01. LOFAR (van Haarlem et al. 2013) is the Low Frequency Array designed and constructed by ASTRON. It has observing, data processing, and data storage facilities in several countries, which are owned by various parties (each with their own funding sources), and which are collectively operated by the ILT foundation under a joint scientific policy. The ILT resources have benefitted from the following recent major funding sources: CNRS-INSU, Observatoire de Paris and Université d’Orléans, France; BMBF, MIWF-NRW, MPG, Germany; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation (DBEI), Ireland; NWO, The Netherlands; The Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland. We thank the anonymous referee for their useful comments and suggestions which have improved the content and presentation of the paper. R.K. acknowledges support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) through an STFC studentship via grant ST/R504737/1. P.N.B. and J.S. are grateful for support from the UK STFC via grant ST/R000972/1. We thank Boris Häußler for providing a wrapper script for resampling and co-adding images (using SWARP) that was adapted and developed further. M.B. acknowledges support from INAF under PRIN SKA/CTA FORECaST and from the Ministero degli Affari Esteri della Cooperazione Internazionale – Direzione Generale per la Promozione del Sistema Paese Pro-getto di Grande Rilevanza ZA18GR02. R.B. acknowledges support from the Glasstone Foundation. M.B. acknowledges support from the ERC-Stg DRA-NOEL, no 714245 and from INAF under PRIN SKA/CTA “FORECaST”. R.K.C. acknowledges funding from the John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship. J.H.C. and B.M. acknowledge support from the UK STFC under grants ST/R00109X/1, ST/R000794/1 and ST/T000295/1. K.J.D., W.L.W. and H.J.A.R. acknowledge support from the ERC Advanced Investigator programme New-Clusters 321271. A.G. acknowledges support from the Polish National Science Centre (NCN) through the grant 2018/29/B/ST9/02298. M.J.H. acknowledges support from STFC via grant ST/R000905/1. M.J. acknowledges support from the National Science Centre, Poland under grant 2018/29/B/ST9/01793. M.J.J. acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/N000919/1] and the Oxford Hintze Centre for Astrophysical Surveys which is funded through generous support from the Hintze Family Charitable Foundation. M.K.B. and A.W. acknowledge support from the National Science Centre, Poland under grant no. 2017/26/E/ST9/00216. V.H.M. thanks the University of Hertfordshire for a research studentship [ST/N504105/1]. I.P. acknowledges support from INAF under the SKA/CTA PRIN “FORECaST” and under the PRIN MAIN STREAM “SAuROS” projects. W.L.W. also acknowledges support from the CAS-NWO programme for radio astronomy with project number 629.001.024, which is financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Publisher Copyright: © ESO 2021.
PY - 2021/4/1
Y1 - 2021/4/1
N2 - We present the source associations, cross-identifications, and multi-wavelength properties of the faint radio source population detected in the deep tier of the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS): the LoTSS Deep Fields. The first LoTSS Deep Fields data release consists of deep radio imaging at 150 MHz of the ELAIS-N1, Lockman Hole, and Boötes fields, down to RMS sensitives of around 20, 22, and 32 μJy beam-1, respectively. These fields are some of the best studied extra-galactic fields in the northern sky, with existing deep, wide-area panchromatic photometry from X-ray to infrared wavelengths, covering a total of ≈26 deg2. We first generated improved multi-wavelength catalogues in ELAIS-N1 and Lockman Hole; combined with the existing catalogue for Boötes, we present forced, matched aperture photometry for over 7.2 million sources across the three fields. We identified multi-wavelength counterparts to the radio detected sources, using a combination of the Likelihood Ratio method and visual classification, which greatly enhances the scientific potential of radio surveys and allows for the characterisation of the photometric redshifts and the physical properties of the host galaxies. The final radio-optical cross-matched catalogue consists of 81 951 radio-detected sources, with counterparts identified and multi-wavelength properties presented for 79 820 (>97%) sources. We also examine the properties of the host galaxies, and through stacking analysis find that the radio population with no identified counterpart is likely dominated by active galactic nuclei (AGN) at z ~ 3-4. This dataset contains one of the largest samples of radio-selected star-forming galaxies and AGN at these depths, making it ideal for studying the history of star-formation, and the evolution of galaxies and AGN across cosmic time.
AB - We present the source associations, cross-identifications, and multi-wavelength properties of the faint radio source population detected in the deep tier of the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS): the LoTSS Deep Fields. The first LoTSS Deep Fields data release consists of deep radio imaging at 150 MHz of the ELAIS-N1, Lockman Hole, and Boötes fields, down to RMS sensitives of around 20, 22, and 32 μJy beam-1, respectively. These fields are some of the best studied extra-galactic fields in the northern sky, with existing deep, wide-area panchromatic photometry from X-ray to infrared wavelengths, covering a total of ≈26 deg2. We first generated improved multi-wavelength catalogues in ELAIS-N1 and Lockman Hole; combined with the existing catalogue for Boötes, we present forced, matched aperture photometry for over 7.2 million sources across the three fields. We identified multi-wavelength counterparts to the radio detected sources, using a combination of the Likelihood Ratio method and visual classification, which greatly enhances the scientific potential of radio surveys and allows for the characterisation of the photometric redshifts and the physical properties of the host galaxies. The final radio-optical cross-matched catalogue consists of 81 951 radio-detected sources, with counterparts identified and multi-wavelength properties presented for 79 820 (>97%) sources. We also examine the properties of the host galaxies, and through stacking analysis find that the radio population with no identified counterpart is likely dominated by active galactic nuclei (AGN) at z ~ 3-4. This dataset contains one of the largest samples of radio-selected star-forming galaxies and AGN at these depths, making it ideal for studying the history of star-formation, and the evolution of galaxies and AGN across cosmic time.
KW - Catalogs
KW - Radio continuum: Galaxies
KW - Surveys
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103881424&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202038813
DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202038813
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85103881424
SN - 0004-6361
VL - 648
JO - Astronomy & Astrophysics
JF - Astronomy & Astrophysics
M1 - A3
ER -