The dynamics of slow-moving coherent cyclonic potential vorticity anomalies and their links to heavy rainfall over the eastern seaboard of Australia

Heavy rainfall occurs frequently on the subtropical eastern seaboard of Australia (ESB). Many rainfall events are associated with slow-moving, upper-level low-pressure systems. Combined with moisture-rich easterly winds associated with a surface anticyclone, these systems can produce heavy rainfall, leading to flooding events. Although the general meteorology of these events has been documented, much of the focus has been on surface processes, with limited attention paid previously to the dynamics aloft. Here, we investigate the upper-level dynamics associated with heavy rainfall events over the ESB with the use of a coherent potential vorticity (PV) minimum climatology on the 330-K isentropic level. Slow-moving coherent cyclonic PV anomalies produce more rainfall than fast-moving anomalies over the ESB. Rossby-wave breaking is responsible for the development of a slow-moving coherent cyclonic PV anomaly as well as the commonly observed surface patterns that are necessary for heavy rainfall over the ESB. Slow cyclonic coherent PV anomalies are either transported equatorwards into the Tropics, where they may influence tropical weather systems, or removed from the region by the restoration of the subtropical jet over continental Australia.