Structural diversity of multi-component self-assembled systems incorporating p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene

Bowl shaped p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene is a versatile anion in building multi-component self-assembled materials, with a design strategy of incorporating small organic cations including imidazolium or pyrrolidinium cations within the cavity of the calixarene through their polar head groups, which is also established in solution for the two components. Another design strategy is the assembly of interlocking (embracing) large phosphonium cations around the outer (exo-) surface of the cavity of the calixarene. The selectivity of interplay of the different cations with the endo- and exo-surfaces of the calixarene requires the presence of aquated lanthanide(iii) ions, but these ions are not necessarily incorporated into the extended structures.