TY - JOUR
T1 - Strategy to scale up microwave synthesis with insight into the thermal and non-thermal effects from energy-based perspective
AU - Chan, Chung-Hung
AU - Ab Manap, Najmi Izzuddin
AU - Nek Mat Din, Nik Siti Mariam
AU - Ahmad Hazmi, Ahmad Syafiq
AU - Kow, Kien Woh
AU - Ho, Yong Kuen
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). The authors would like to thank the Director-General of MPOB for the permission to publish this article. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the supporting staffs of Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division of MPOB, Bahriah Bilal and Zuraidah Kamarudin for their technical assistances.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021
PY - 2021/11
Y1 - 2021/11
N2 - A strategy to industrialize microwave synthesis from the perspectives of process optimization, scale up and reactor design was devised for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC). The strategy is based on the application of absorbed energy density (AED) and absorbed power density (APD) parameters. Here, the microwave synthesis was conducted using a constant-power heating mode. The mapping of microwave heating characteristics based on heating power, reaction temperature and AED was first performed for the microwave system. Then, the optimization of APD and AED was conducted and the intensive optimum conditions at 175 J/g AED and 1.9 W/g APD was used to scale up the microwave synthesis from 0.3 mol (27 g) to 3 mol (267 g). The resulting syntheses were highly reproducible and consistent. Based on APD and AED, the thermal and non-thermal microwave effects can be characterized and they are useful in the design of continuous-flow microwave reactor.
AB - A strategy to industrialize microwave synthesis from the perspectives of process optimization, scale up and reactor design was devised for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC). The strategy is based on the application of absorbed energy density (AED) and absorbed power density (APD) parameters. Here, the microwave synthesis was conducted using a constant-power heating mode. The mapping of microwave heating characteristics based on heating power, reaction temperature and AED was first performed for the microwave system. Then, the optimization of APD and AED was conducted and the intensive optimum conditions at 175 J/g AED and 1.9 W/g APD was used to scale up the microwave synthesis from 0.3 mol (27 g) to 3 mol (267 g). The resulting syntheses were highly reproducible and consistent. Based on APD and AED, the thermal and non-thermal microwave effects can be characterized and they are useful in the design of continuous-flow microwave reactor.
KW - Energy-based parameters
KW - Microwave non-thermal effect
KW - Microwave reactor design
KW - Microwave synthesis
KW - Scale up
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85113379620&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.cep.2021.108594
DO - 10.1016/j.cep.2021.108594
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85113379620
SN - 0255-2701
VL - 168
JO - Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification
JF - Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification
M1 - 108594
ER -