Skin Cancer Following Solid Organ Transplantation: A Review of Risk Factors and Models of Care

The number of solid organ transplants has been increasing annually worldwide. Advances in transplantation surgery and community awareness of organ donation have been key contributors. Combined with increased understanding of immunosuppression, there are a growing number of solid organ transplant recipients in the community as a result of improved long-term outcomes. There remains a high incidence of deaths worldwide post-transplant due to non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which has greater morbidity and mortality in this population than in the general community. Many transplant candidates are not screened prior to organ transplantation and not followed up dermatologically after transplant. After a comprehensive review of the MEDLINE database, we present an update of literature on risk factors for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer development in transplant recipients. Medications used by transplant recipients, including immunosuppressants and antibiotics, are discussed along with their respective risks of skin cancer development. We conclude with evidence-based recommendations for models of care, including patient education and dermatological review of transplant recipients.