Sex with two SOX on: SRY and SOX9 in testis development

Although gonads are not required for development or survival, defects in gonadal development undoubtedly have a profound influence on affected individuals. Recent complementary studies in the fields of cytology, biochemistry and molecular genetics have revealed that normal gonad development involves an exquisitely regulated network of gene expression and protein-protein interactions. The initial event of gonadogenesis, in both males and females, involves the formation of a bipotential primordium. A Y chromosome then activates the male-specific pathway. The demonstration that mutations in the SOX proteins, SRY and SOX9, are responsible for disorders associated with male-to-female sex reversal showed dramatically that SRY and SOX9 have an essential role in male sex differentiation. This was emphasized when it was shown that female mice carrying transgenes that encode these proteins developed as males. SRY and SOX9 proteins have been characterized extensively and aspects of their function and regulation are now known.