TY - JOUR
T1 - Sex-differential heterologous (non-specific) effects of vaccines
T2 - an emerging public health issue that needs to be understood and exploited
AU - Flanagan, Katie L.
AU - Plebanski, Magdalena
PY - 2017/1/2
Y1 - 2017/1/2
N2 - Introduction: Vaccines have heterologous effects on the immune system, leading to altered susceptibility to a range of pathogens, and possibly allergy and autoimmunity. Effects are often sex-differential. This review discusses the evidence, mechanisms and public health implications of the non-specific effects of vaccines (NSEs). Areas covered: This article firstly discusses the World Health Organization systematic review of the evidence for sex-differential heterologous effects of vaccines, and further PubMed indexed studies on NSEs on susceptibility to infectious diseases, allergy, autoimmunity and malignancy in animals and humans. Potential immunological mechanisms are evaluated, including sex-differential effects. Finally it describes how advances in systems biology might be applied to study such effects. Expert commentary: This section points out the need to understand immune mechanisms in order to exploit beneficial vaccine effects, and diminish deleterious ones. It suggests analysis of vaccine effects by sex is important, and discusses the future for personalised vaccines that take these effects into account.
AB - Introduction: Vaccines have heterologous effects on the immune system, leading to altered susceptibility to a range of pathogens, and possibly allergy and autoimmunity. Effects are often sex-differential. This review discusses the evidence, mechanisms and public health implications of the non-specific effects of vaccines (NSEs). Areas covered: This article firstly discusses the World Health Organization systematic review of the evidence for sex-differential heterologous effects of vaccines, and further PubMed indexed studies on NSEs on susceptibility to infectious diseases, allergy, autoimmunity and malignancy in animals and humans. Potential immunological mechanisms are evaluated, including sex-differential effects. Finally it describes how advances in systems biology might be applied to study such effects. Expert commentary: This section points out the need to understand immune mechanisms in order to exploit beneficial vaccine effects, and diminish deleterious ones. It suggests analysis of vaccine effects by sex is important, and discusses the future for personalised vaccines that take these effects into account.
KW - adaptive immunity
KW - allergy
KW - autoimmunity
KW - expanded program on immunisation
KW - innate immunity
KW - non-targeted effects
KW - personalised vaccines
KW - Sex
KW - systems vaccinology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85003633109&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/14760584.2016.1203260
DO - 10.1080/14760584.2016.1203260
M3 - Review Article
AN - SCOPUS:85003633109
SN - 1476-0584
VL - 16
SP - 5
EP - 13
JO - Expert Review of Vaccines
JF - Expert Review of Vaccines
IS - 1
ER -