TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk factors of Vitamin D deficiency among 15-year-old adolescents participating in the Malaysian health and adolescents longitudinal research team study (MyHeARTs)
AU - Quah, Shiao Wei
AU - Majid, Hazreen Abdul
AU - Al-Sadat, Nabilla
AU - Yahya, Abqariyah
AU - Su, Tin Tin
AU - Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid
N1 - Funding Information:
The study was funded by the grant from University of Malaya Research Program: RP022-14HTM to HAM. The funders had no role in study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the manuscript, or decision to submit for publication. We would like to express our gratitude to all the enumerators who helped us throughout the data collection process. We also would like to thank the students and teachers who gave us their support throughout the study.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Quah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Copyright:
Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2018/7/19
Y1 - 2018/7/19
N2 - Background This study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency (vitamin D 50 nmol/L) among 15-year-old Malaysian adolescents. By identifying potential risk factors, prevention strategies and interventions can be carried out to improve the vitamin D status in adolescents. Methods and findings Stratified random sampling design was used to select adolescents from 15 urban and rural secondary schools in Selangor, Perak and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Data collection was carried out from 1st April 2014 to 30th June 2014. Information regarding socio-demographic characteristics, sun exposure and sun protective behaviours, clinical data and environmental factors were collected. Blood for total vitamin D was sampled. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Total 1061 participants were analyzed (62% were female; mean age 15.1 ± 0.4 years). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 33%. Mean vitamin D was lower in female (53 ± 15 nmol), obese (body fat percentage (25%m; 33.8%f) (56 ± 16 nmol/L), Malays (58 ± 18 nmol/L) and Indians (58 ± 15 nmol/L). In multivariate analysis, female (OR = 5.5; 95% CI: 3.4–7.5), Malay (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3–8.0), Indian (OR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.6–12.0) and those always wearing long sleeve (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.1–5.4) were more likely to have vitamin D deficiency. For female participants, ethnicity {Malays (OR = 6.7; 95% CI: 2.0–18.5), Indian (OR = 4.5; 95% CI: 1.8–19.3)} was an important risk factors. Cloud cover, school residence, skin pigmentation, sun-exposure and sun-protective behaviours were not significant risk factors. The limitation of this study was recall bias as it relied on self-reported on the sun exposure and protective behaviours. The diet factors were not included in this analysis. Conclusions The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among Malaysian adolescents was considerable. Gender, ethnicity and clothing style were important risk factors.
AB - Background This study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency (vitamin D 50 nmol/L) among 15-year-old Malaysian adolescents. By identifying potential risk factors, prevention strategies and interventions can be carried out to improve the vitamin D status in adolescents. Methods and findings Stratified random sampling design was used to select adolescents from 15 urban and rural secondary schools in Selangor, Perak and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Data collection was carried out from 1st April 2014 to 30th June 2014. Information regarding socio-demographic characteristics, sun exposure and sun protective behaviours, clinical data and environmental factors were collected. Blood for total vitamin D was sampled. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Total 1061 participants were analyzed (62% were female; mean age 15.1 ± 0.4 years). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 33%. Mean vitamin D was lower in female (53 ± 15 nmol), obese (body fat percentage (25%m; 33.8%f) (56 ± 16 nmol/L), Malays (58 ± 18 nmol/L) and Indians (58 ± 15 nmol/L). In multivariate analysis, female (OR = 5.5; 95% CI: 3.4–7.5), Malay (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3–8.0), Indian (OR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.6–12.0) and those always wearing long sleeve (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.1–5.4) were more likely to have vitamin D deficiency. For female participants, ethnicity {Malays (OR = 6.7; 95% CI: 2.0–18.5), Indian (OR = 4.5; 95% CI: 1.8–19.3)} was an important risk factors. Cloud cover, school residence, skin pigmentation, sun-exposure and sun-protective behaviours were not significant risk factors. The limitation of this study was recall bias as it relied on self-reported on the sun exposure and protective behaviours. The diet factors were not included in this analysis. Conclusions The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among Malaysian adolescents was considerable. Gender, ethnicity and clothing style were important risk factors.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85050516442
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0200736
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0200736
M3 - Article
C2 - 30024934
AN - SCOPUS:85050516442
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 13
JO - PLoS ONE
JF - PLoS ONE
IS - 7
M1 - e0200736
ER -