TY - JOUR
T1 - Quasi-secular evolution of mildly hierarchical triple systems
T2 - Analytics and applications for GW sources and hot Jupiters
AU - Grishin, Evgeni
AU - Perets, Hagai B.
AU - Fragione, Giacomo
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Adrian S. Hamers, Dong Lai, Erez Michaely, and Diego J. Muñoz for discussions and comments on the manuscript. EG acknowledges support from the Technion Irwin and Joan Jacobs Excellence Fellowship for outstanding graduate students. EG and HBP acknowledge support by Israel Science Foundation I-CORE grant 1829/12 and the Minerva Center for life under extreme planetary conditions. GF acknowledges support from a Lady Davis postdoctoral fellowship at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. GF thanks Seppo Mikkola for helpful discussions on the use of the code ARCHAIN. Simulations were run on the Astric cluster at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 The Author(s).
Copyright:
Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2018/12/1
Y1 - 2018/12/1
N2 - In hierarchical triple systems, the inner binary is perturbed by a distant companion. For large mutual inclinations, the Lidov-Kozai mechanism secularly excites large eccentricity and inclination oscillations of the inner binary. The maximal eccentricity attained, emax, is simply derived and widely used. However, for mildly hierarchical systems (i.e. the companion is relatively close and massive), non-secular perturbations affect the evolution. Here we account for fast non-secular variations and find a new analytic formula for emax, in terms of the system's hierarchy level, correcting previous work and reproducing the orbital flip criteria. We find that emax is generally enhanced, allowing closer encounters between the inner binary components, thus significantly changing their interaction and its final outcome.We then extend our approach to include additional relativistic and tidal forces. Using our results, we show that the merger time of gravitational-wave (GW) sources orbiting massive black holes in galactic nuclei is enhanced compared with previous analysis accounting only for the secular regime. Consequently, this affects the distribution and rates of suchGWsources in the relevant mild-hierarchy regime. We test and confirm our predictions with direct N-body and 2.5-level post-Newtonian codes. Finally, we calculate the formation and disruption rates of hot Jupiters (HJs) in planetary systems using a statistical approach, which incorporates our novel results for emax. We find that more HJs migrate from further out, but they are also tidally disrupted more frequently. Remarkably, the overall formation rate of HJs remains similar to that found in previous studies. Nevertheless, the different rates could manifest in different underlying distribution of observed warm Jupiters.
AB - In hierarchical triple systems, the inner binary is perturbed by a distant companion. For large mutual inclinations, the Lidov-Kozai mechanism secularly excites large eccentricity and inclination oscillations of the inner binary. The maximal eccentricity attained, emax, is simply derived and widely used. However, for mildly hierarchical systems (i.e. the companion is relatively close and massive), non-secular perturbations affect the evolution. Here we account for fast non-secular variations and find a new analytic formula for emax, in terms of the system's hierarchy level, correcting previous work and reproducing the orbital flip criteria. We find that emax is generally enhanced, allowing closer encounters between the inner binary components, thus significantly changing their interaction and its final outcome.We then extend our approach to include additional relativistic and tidal forces. Using our results, we show that the merger time of gravitational-wave (GW) sources orbiting massive black holes in galactic nuclei is enhanced compared with previous analysis accounting only for the secular regime. Consequently, this affects the distribution and rates of suchGWsources in the relevant mild-hierarchy regime. We test and confirm our predictions with direct N-body and 2.5-level post-Newtonian codes. Finally, we calculate the formation and disruption rates of hot Jupiters (HJs) in planetary systems using a statistical approach, which incorporates our novel results for emax. We find that more HJs migrate from further out, but they are also tidally disrupted more frequently. Remarkably, the overall formation rate of HJs remains similar to that found in previous studies. Nevertheless, the different rates could manifest in different underlying distribution of observed warm Jupiters.
KW - Binaries: general
KW - Gravitational waves
KW - Planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85060954231&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/MNRAS/STY2477
DO - 10.1093/MNRAS/STY2477
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85060954231
SN - 0035-8711
VL - 481
SP - 4907
EP - 4923
JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
IS - 4
ER -