Printing of low-cost chipless RFID tags

Chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) is a highly attractive and easy-to-operate technology allowing automated
scanning of goods without any human intervention. It is a low-cost alternative to chip-based technology with
few constraints. The flexibility to use low-cost printing techniques makes the chipless tags cost-effective to be useful
as a competitive technology. In this paper, we review and compare the most common printing techniques for fabricating
chipless RFID tags. Some of the issues encountered during printing of tags were identified and solutions to achieve
better outcome were suggested. Most importantly, the advantages and limitations of the printing techniques were
highlighted from a perspective of a vast amount of work done by various research teams worldwide. The review is an
attempt to cover the basic aspects of conductive ink printing to fabricate functional chipless RFID tags. It is intended
to guide researchers in tag printing using common printing techniques.