@article{3426ca26f7c34943965705205fbdec97,
title = "Parental loss in young convicts transported to Van Diemen{\textquoteright}s Land (Tasmania), 1841–53",
abstract = "This paper examines the significance of parental loss for a sample of young convicts (aged under 25 years) transported from English and Irish ports to Tasmania in the mid-nineteenth century. These convicts experienced much higher levels of orphanhood than the general populations from which they were drawn, and women convicts were more likely than their male counterparts to have been orphaned, or to have lost at least one parent. The conclusion is that loss of family and household made orphans, and particularly girls, more vulnerable to crime as a survival strategy. We also find that the likelihood of parental loss varied by place of birth (male and female convicts), type of crime, occupation, and migration status (men only). Parental loss now emerges as a significant and differentiating characteristic for young convicts to be considered alongside neighbourhood and cultural effects.",
keywords = "Australia, crime, criminals, juvenile offending, nineteenth century, orphans, parental loss",
author = "Rebecca Kippen and Janet McCalman",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Australian Research Council under grants DP0771033, DP110102368 and DP110102756. We thank the reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and their constructive comments and suggestions which significantly improved this work. We thank Hamish Maxwell-Stewart and Deborah Oxley for the use of their transcribed convict data. We thank the following staff and volunteer researchers: Nola Beagley, Geoff Brown, Tricia Curry, Lance Dwyer, Alison Ellett, Jennifer Elliston, Leanne Goss, Cheryl Griffin, Jan Kerr, Maureen Mann, Garry McLoughlin, David Noakes, Teddie Oates, Judith Price, Steve Rhodes, the late Cecile Trioli, Colin Tuckerman, Jenny Wells (Ships Project checkers and researchers); Colleen Aralappu, Maureen Austin, Vivienne Cash, Dianne Cassidy, Glenda Cox, Kathy Dadswell, Margaret Dimech, Brian Dowse, Ros Escott, Barry Files, Peter Fitzpatrick, Janet Gaff, Nanette Gottlieb, Stuart Hamilton, Jane Harding, Robyn Harrison, Graeme Hickey, Margaret Inglis, Bronwyn King, Jenny Kisler, Darryl Massie, Elizabeth Nelson, Margaret Nichols, Rosemary Noble, Keith Oliver, Maureen O?Toole, Margaret Parsons, Annette Sutton, Robert Tuppen, Rob Weldon, Lyn Wilkinson, Glad Wishart, Jacqueline Wisniowski, Judith Wood (Ships Project researchers); Sandra Silcot (systems designer); Claudine Chionh, Robin Petterd (web designers); Len Smith (advisor); Colette McAlpine (Female Convicts Research Centre coordinator); and Trudy Mae Cowley (Female Convicts Research Centre advisor and web administrator). Funding Information: This work was supported by the Australian Research Council under grants DP0771033, DP110102368 and DP110102756. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018, {\textcopyright} 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.",
year = "2018",
month = oct,
day = "2",
doi = "10.1080/1081602X.2018.1513855",
language = "English",
volume = "23",
pages = "656--678",
journal = "The History of the Family",
issn = "1081-602X",
publisher = "Taylor \& Francis",
number = "4",
}
