Orthosteric binding of rho-Da1a, a natural peptide of snake venom interacting selectively with the alpha(1A)-Adrenoceptor

?-Da1a is a three-finger fold toxin from green mamba venom that is highly selective for the a1A-adrenoceptor. This toxin has atypical pharmacological properties, including incomplete inhibition of 3H-prazosin or 125I-HEAT binding and insurmountable antagonist action. We aimed to clarify its mode of action at the a1A-adrenoceptor. The affinity (pKi 9.26) and selectivity of ?-Da1a for the a1A-adrenoceptor were confirmed by comparing binding to human adrenoceptors expressed in eukaryotic cells. Equilibrium and kinetic binding experiments were used to demonstrate that ?-Da1a, prazosin and HEAT compete at the a1A-adrenoceptor. ?-Da1a did not affect the dissociation kinetics of 3H-prazosin or 125I-HEAT, and the IC50 of ?-Da1a, determined by competition experiments, increased linearly with the concentration of radioligands used, while the residual binding by ?-Da1a remained stable. The effect of ?-Da1a on agonist-stimulated Ca2+ release was insurmountable in the presence of phenethylamine- or imidazoline-type agonists. Ten mutations in the orthosteric binding pocket of the a1A-adrenoceptor were evaluated for alterations in ?-Da1a affinity. The D1063.32A and the S1885.42A/S1925.46A receptor mutations reduced toxin affinity moderately (6 and 7.6 times, respectively), while the F862.64A, F2886.51A and F3127.39A mutations diminished it dramatically by 18- to 93-fold. In addition, residue F862.64 was identified as a key interaction point for 125I-HEAT, as the variant F862.64A induced a 23-fold reduction in HEAT affinity. Unlike the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor toxin MT7, ?-Da1a interacts with the human a1A-adrenoceptor orthosteric pocket and shares receptor interaction points with antagonist (F862.64, F2886.51 and F3127.39) and agonist (F2886.51 and F3127.39) ligands. Its selectivity for the a1A-adrenoceptor may result, at least partly, from its interaction with the residue F862.64, which appears to be important also for HEAT binding. ? 2013 Maiga et al.