Origin of the p-process radionuclides ⁹²Nb and ¹⁴⁶Sm in the early solar system and inferences on the birth of the Sun

The abundances of ⁹²Nb and ¹⁴⁶Sm in the early solar system are determined from meteoritic analysis, and their stellar production is attributed to the p process. We investigate if their origin from thermonuclear supernovae deriving from the explosion of white dwarfs with mass above the Chandrasekhar limit is in agreement with the abundance of ⁵³Mn, another radionuclide present in the early solar system and produced in the same events. A consistent solution for ⁹²Nb and ⁵³Mn cannot be found within the current uncertainties and requires the ⁹²Nb/⁹²Mo ratio in the early solar system to be at least 50% lower than the current nominal value, which is outside its present error bars. A different solution is to invoke another production site for ⁹²Nb, which we find in the α-rich freezeout during core-collapse supernovae from massive stars. Whichever scenario we consider, we find that a relatively long time interval of at least ∼10 My must have elapsed from when the star-forming region where the Sun was born was isolated from the interstellar medium and the birth of the Sun. This is in agreement with results obtained from radionuclides heavier than iron produced by neutron captures and lends further support to the idea that the Sun was born in a massive star-forming region together with many thousands of stellar siblings.