Optical Probe Ion and Carrier Dynamics at the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Interface with Electron and Hole Transport Materials

Ion migration and accumulation in perovskite and interface have recently attracted considerable research interest because it is closely related to carrier extraction and hence to the performance of perovskite solar cells. Here using specific optical probe techniques and perovskite, the authors investigate the effect of light illumination (soaking) at the CH₃NH₃PbI₃/spiro-OMeTAD and CH₃NH₃PbI₃/Phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester interfaces, focusing on the dynamics of mobile ions and photoexcited carriers. Time dependent photoluminescence (PL) intensity, electron–hole recombination and optical microscopy images are used to monitor the illumination effects at the interface as a function of light illumination time and intensity. Under continuous illumination, the PL intensity exhibits dynamic quenching in the timescale of seconds to minutes. The authors attribute this PL quenching to the accumulation of mobile ions at the interface during light soaking. Only negative ions cause such PL quenching and the rate at which PL intensity decreases depends on the illumination intensity. The authors found that the accumulated ions also impede the extraction of photogenerated holes from the perovskite layer into spiro-OMeTAD, which increases electron–hole recombination. This investigation provides novel insight into the ion migration mechanism by light soaking and therefore its impact on the operation of a perovskite solar cell.