TY - JOUR
T1 - On the origin of pronounced O3 gradients in the thunderstorm outflow region during DC3
AU - Huntrieser, H.
AU - Lichtenstern, M.
AU - Scheibe, M.
AU - Aufmhoff, H.
AU - Schlager, H.
AU - Pucik, T.
AU - Minikin, A.
AU - Weinzierl, B.
AU - Heimerl, K.
AU - Fütterer, D.
AU - Rappenglück, B.
AU - Ackermann, L.
AU - Pickering, K. E.
AU - Cummings, K. A.
AU - Biggerstaff, M. I.
AU - Betten, D. P.
AU - Honomichl, S.
AU - Barth, M. C.
N1 - Funding Information:
The DC3 field campaign was established by a collaborative effort of NCAR, NASA, the U.S. university community, NOAA, and DLR. The National Science Foundation (NSF), NASA, NOAA, and DLR were the primary funders for DC3. NCAR is supported by the NSF. Detailed information on the scientific goals and a link to the field data is available from the DC3 web site, https://www.eol.ucar.edu/ field_projects/dc3. We greatly acknowledge the excellent collaboration with the DC3 principal investigators and all the support the DLR team received during the field phase from M. C. Barth (NCAR), C. A. Cantrell (University of Colorado), W. H. Brune (The Pennsylvania State University), S. A. Rutledge (Colorado State University), and J. H. Crawford (NASA/ LaRC). Furthermore, the logistical support from NCAR-EOL by V. Salazar, J. Moore, G. Stossmeister, and B. Baeuerle is greatly appreciated. We thank the Falcon pilots (R. Welser and P. Weber), A. Hausold for the logistics, the engineers, and scientists of the DLR flight department for the excellent support during the field phase. We express our gratitude to the DLR colleagues who supported the trace gas and aerosol measurements: U. Schumann, J. Kim, A. Reiter, A. Roiger, H. Ziereis, and the financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, project number MI 583/4-1). Furthermore, the ETH Zurich (T. Peters) is greatly acknowledged for providing the NO instrument, J. Brioude (NOAA) for providing FLEXPART model products, and S. Kondragunta (NOAA/NESDIS) for providing GOME-2 NO2 retrieval products. The GOES data were provided by NCAR/EOL under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation (http://data. eol.ucar.edu/). We thank L. L. Pan and C. R. Homeyer (NCAR Boulder) for fruitful discussions. Finally, we are grateful to A. Roiger (DLR) and the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions, which greatly helped to improve the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
PY - 2016/6/16
Y1 - 2016/6/16
N2 - Unique in situ measurements of CO, O3, SO2, CH4, NO, NOx, NOy, VOC, CN, and rBC were carried out with the German Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)-Falcon aircraft in the central U.S. thunderstorms during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment in summer 2012. Fresh and aged anvil outflow (9-12 km) from supercells, mesoscale convective systems, mesoscale convective complexes, and squall lines were probed over Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. For three case studies (30 May and 8 and 12 June) a combination of trace species, radar, lightning, and satellite information, as well as model results, were used to analyze and design schematics of major trace gas transport pathways within and in the vicinity of the probed thunderstorms. The impact of thunderstorms on the O3 composition in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (LS) region was analyzed. Overshooting cloud tops injected high amounts of biomass burning and lightning-produced NOx emissions into the LS, in addition to low O3 mixing ratios from the lower troposphere. As a dynamical response, O3-rich air from the LS was transported downward into the anvil and also surrounded the outflow. The ΔO3/ΔCO ratio was determined in the anvil outflow region. A pronounced in-mixing of O3-rich stratospheric air masses was observed in the outflow indicated by highly positive or even negative ΔO3/ΔCO ratios (+1.4 down to -3.9). Photochemical O3 production (ΔO3/ΔCO = +0.1) was found to be minor in the recently lofted pollution plumes. O3 mixing ratios within the aged anvil outflow were mainly enhanced due to dynamical processes.
AB - Unique in situ measurements of CO, O3, SO2, CH4, NO, NOx, NOy, VOC, CN, and rBC were carried out with the German Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)-Falcon aircraft in the central U.S. thunderstorms during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment in summer 2012. Fresh and aged anvil outflow (9-12 km) from supercells, mesoscale convective systems, mesoscale convective complexes, and squall lines were probed over Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. For three case studies (30 May and 8 and 12 June) a combination of trace species, radar, lightning, and satellite information, as well as model results, were used to analyze and design schematics of major trace gas transport pathways within and in the vicinity of the probed thunderstorms. The impact of thunderstorms on the O3 composition in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (LS) region was analyzed. Overshooting cloud tops injected high amounts of biomass burning and lightning-produced NOx emissions into the LS, in addition to low O3 mixing ratios from the lower troposphere. As a dynamical response, O3-rich air from the LS was transported downward into the anvil and also surrounded the outflow. The ΔO3/ΔCO ratio was determined in the anvil outflow region. A pronounced in-mixing of O3-rich stratospheric air masses was observed in the outflow indicated by highly positive or even negative ΔO3/ΔCO ratios (+1.4 down to -3.9). Photochemical O3 production (ΔO3/ΔCO = +0.1) was found to be minor in the recently lofted pollution plumes. O3 mixing ratios within the aged anvil outflow were mainly enhanced due to dynamical processes.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84969797556&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/2015JD024279
DO - 10.1002/2015JD024279
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84969797556
SN - 2169-897X
VL - 121
SP - 6600
EP - 6637
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
IS - 11
ER -