Navigating the landscape of concept-supported XAI: challenges, innovations, and future directions

This comprehensive review of concept-supported interpretation methods in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) navigates the multifaceted landscape. As machine learning models become more complex, there is a greater need for interpretation methods that deconstruct their decision-making processes. Traditional interpretation techniques frequently emphasise lower-level attributes, resulting in a schism between complex algorithms and human cognition. To bridge this gap, our research focuses on concept-supported XAI, a new line of research in XAI that emphasises higher-level attributes or 'concepts' that are more aligned with end-user understanding and needs. We provide a thorough examination of over twenty-five seminal works, highlighting their respective strengths and weaknesses. A comprehensive list of available concept datasets, as opposed to training datasets, is presented, along with a discussion of sufficiency metrics and the importance of robust evaluation methods. In addition, we identify six key factors that influence the efficacy of concept-supported interpretation: network architecture, network settings, training protocols, concept datasets, the presence of confounding attributes, and standardised evaluation methodology. We also investigate the robustness of these concept-supported methods, emphasising their potential to significantly advance the field by addressing issues like misgeneralization, information overload, trustworthiness, effective human-AI communication, and ethical concerns. The paper concludes with an exploration of open challenges such as the development of automatic concept discovery methods, strategies for expert-AI integration, optimising primary and concept model settings, managing confounding attributes, and designing efficient evaluation processes.