Managing the risks of artificial intelligence in agriculture

In this paper, we survey the ethical, social, and policy issues that are likely to arise as Artificial Intelligence (AI) begins to impact on agriculture. We highlight possible unintended consequences of the adoption of this technology, which have been neglected in most discussions of the topic to date. A range of current, as well as proposed, applications of AI in agriculture are described, alongside applications of AI in the broader society and economy that are likely to impact on agriculture. AI may bring many benefits, for agricultural producers, consumers, and the environment, but also significant risks. We draw attention to various design choices and policy tools that may help manage the risks – and promote the benefits – of AI and highlight the ethical choices involved in attempts to trade off these risks and benefits. An ongoing and inclusive conversation, about the ethical issues raised by AI and its potential applications in agriculture, should be facilitated to guide policy in this area.