TY - JOUR
T1 - Long Term Restenosis Rate After Carotid Endarterectomy
T2 - Comparison of Three Surgical Techniques and Intra-Operative Shunt Use
AU - Cheng, Suk F.
AU - Richards, Toby
AU - Gregson, John
AU - Brown, Martin M.
AU - de Borst, Gert J.
AU - Bonati, Leo H.
AU - on behalf of the International Carotid Stenting Study investigators
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was funded by grants from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC; G0300411), the Stroke Association, Sanofi-Synthélabo, and the European Union. M.M.B.’s Chair in Stroke Medicine was supported by the Reta Lila Weston Trust for Medical Research. Funding from the MRC was managed by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) on behalf of the MRC–NIHR partnership. L.H.B. received grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PBBSB-116873, 33CM30-124119, and 32003B-156658), the Swiss Heart Foundation, and the University of Basel, Switzerland.
Funding Information:
This study was funded by grants from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC; G0300411 ), the Stroke Association, Sanofi-Synthélabo, and the European Union. M.M.B.’s Chair in Stroke Medicine was supported by the Reta Lila Weston Trust for Medical Research. Funding from the MRC was managed by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) on behalf of the MRC–NIHR partnership. L.H.B. received grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation ( PBBSB-116873 , 33CM30-124119 , and 32003B-156658 ), the Swiss Heart Foundation , and the University of Basel , Switzerland.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 European Society for Vascular Surgery
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Objective: Closure of the artery during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can be done with or without a patch, or performed with the eversion technique, while the use of intra-operative shunts is optional. The influence of these techniques on subsequent restenosis is uncertain. Long term carotid restenosis rates and risk of future ipsilateral stroke with these techniques were compared. Methods: Patients who underwent CEA in the International Carotid Stenting Study were divided into patch angioplasty, primary closure, or eversion endarterectomy. Intra-operative shunt use was reported. Carotid duplex ultrasound was performed at each follow up. Primary outcomes were restenosis of ≥ 50% and ≥ 70%, and ipsilateral stroke after the procedure to the end of follow up. Results: In total, 790 CEA patients had restenosis data at one and five years. Altogether, 511 (64.7%) had patch angioplasty, 232 (29.4%) primary closure, and 47 (5.9%) eversion endarterectomy. The cumulative incidence of ≥ 50% restenosis at one year was 18.9%, 26.1%, and 17.7%, respectively, and at five years it was 25.9%, 37.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. There was no difference in risk between the eversion and patch angioplasty group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45 – 1.81; p = .77). Primary closure had a higher risk of restenosis than patch angioplasty (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06 – 1.98; p = .019). The cumulative incidence of ≥ 70% restenosis did not differ between primary closure and patch angioplasty (12.1% vs. 7.1%, HR 1.59, 95% CI 0.88 – 2.89; p = .12) or between patch angioplasty and eversion endarterectomy (4.7%, HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.06 – 3.35; p = .44). There was no effect of shunt use on the cumulative incidence of restenosis. Post-procedural ipsilateral stroke was not more common in either of the surgical techniques or shunt use. Conclusion: Restenosis was more common after primary closure than conventionally with a patch closure. Shunt use had no effect on restenosis. Patch closure is the treatment of choice to avoid restenosis.
AB - Objective: Closure of the artery during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can be done with or without a patch, or performed with the eversion technique, while the use of intra-operative shunts is optional. The influence of these techniques on subsequent restenosis is uncertain. Long term carotid restenosis rates and risk of future ipsilateral stroke with these techniques were compared. Methods: Patients who underwent CEA in the International Carotid Stenting Study were divided into patch angioplasty, primary closure, or eversion endarterectomy. Intra-operative shunt use was reported. Carotid duplex ultrasound was performed at each follow up. Primary outcomes were restenosis of ≥ 50% and ≥ 70%, and ipsilateral stroke after the procedure to the end of follow up. Results: In total, 790 CEA patients had restenosis data at one and five years. Altogether, 511 (64.7%) had patch angioplasty, 232 (29.4%) primary closure, and 47 (5.9%) eversion endarterectomy. The cumulative incidence of ≥ 50% restenosis at one year was 18.9%, 26.1%, and 17.7%, respectively, and at five years it was 25.9%, 37.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. There was no difference in risk between the eversion and patch angioplasty group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45 – 1.81; p = .77). Primary closure had a higher risk of restenosis than patch angioplasty (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06 – 1.98; p = .019). The cumulative incidence of ≥ 70% restenosis did not differ between primary closure and patch angioplasty (12.1% vs. 7.1%, HR 1.59, 95% CI 0.88 – 2.89; p = .12) or between patch angioplasty and eversion endarterectomy (4.7%, HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.06 – 3.35; p = .44). There was no effect of shunt use on the cumulative incidence of restenosis. Post-procedural ipsilateral stroke was not more common in either of the surgical techniques or shunt use. Conclusion: Restenosis was more common after primary closure than conventionally with a patch closure. Shunt use had no effect on restenosis. Patch closure is the treatment of choice to avoid restenosis.
KW - Carotid endarterectomy
KW - Carotid stenosis
KW - Restenosis
KW - Stroke
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85113589083&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.06.028
DO - 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.06.028
M3 - Article
C2 - 34452836
AN - SCOPUS:85113589083
SN - 1078-5884
VL - 62
SP - 513
EP - 521
JO - European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
JF - European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
IS - 4
ER -