Lewis Acid–Base Interactions between Polysulfides and Boehmite Enables Stable Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries

Room-temperature sodium–sulfur (RT Na–S) batteries are among the ideal candidates for grid-scale energy storage due to their high theoretical energy density. However, rapid dissolution of polysulfides along with extremely slow redox kinetics lead to a low practical cell capacity and inferior cycling stability, inhibiting their practical applications. Herein, an innovative design strategy is introduced for a chemical and structural synergistic immobilization of sodium-polysulfides in the cathode structure. An aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) nanosheets decorated sulfur/carbon black nanocomposite (S@CB@AlOOH) is used as an efficient cathode material for stable RT Na–S batteries. The cathode material exhibits extremely stable cycling performance, delivering an initial specific capacity of 392 mA h g^–1 and retains 378 mA h g^–1 after 500 cycles at 1C. The excellent performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of the structural encapsulation as well as chemical immobilization of polysulfides, significantly suppressing their gradual dissolution into liquid electrolyte. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that through favorable Lewis acid–base interactions, AlOOH catalyzes the redox conversion of the higher-order polysulfides (Na₂S_n, 6 ≤ n ≤ 8) to the lower-order polysulfides (Na₂S_x, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2). The importance of Lewis acid–base catalysis to enhance the overall performance of these batteries is demonstrated.