Abstract
Background: Diet-induced weight loss (WL) is usually accompanied by increased appetite, a response that seems to be absent when ketogenic diets are used. It remains unknown if sex modulates the appetite suppressant effect of ketosis. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine if sex modulates the impact of WL-induced changes in appetite and if ketosis alters these responses. Methods: Ninety-five individuals (55 females) with obesity (BMI [kg/m 2 ]: 37 ± 4) underwent 8 wk of a very-low-energy diet, followed by 4 wk of refeeding and weight stabilization. Body composition, plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagonlike peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY [PYY], cholecystokinin and insulin), and subjective feelings of appetite were measured at baseline, week 9 in ketosis, and week 13 out of ketosis. Results: The mean WL at week 9 was 17% for males and 15% for females, which was maintained at week 13. Weight, fat, and fat-free mass loss were greater in males (P< 0.001 for all) and the increase in β-HB at week 9 higher in females (1.174 ± 0.096 compared with 0.783 ± 0.112 mmol/L, P = 0.029). Basal and postprandial GLP-1 and postprandial PYY (all P< 0.05) were significantly different for males and females. There were no significant sex × time interactions for any other appetite-related hormones or subjective feelings of appetite. At week 9, basal GLP-1 was decreased only in males (P< 0.001), whereas postprandial GLP-1 was increased only in females (P< 0.001). No significant changes in postprandial PYY were observed over time for either sex. Conclusions: Ketosis appears to have a greater beneficial impact on GLP-1 in females. However, sex does not seem to modulate the changes in the secretion of other appetite-related hormones, or subjective feelings of appetite, seen with WL, regardless of the ketotic state. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01834859. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;109:1511-1518.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1511-1518 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | The American journal of clinical nutrition |
| Volume | 109 |
| Issue number | 6 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Jun 2019 |
Keywords
- Cholecystokinin
- Fullness
- Ghrelin
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
- Hunger
- Ketosis
- Peptide YY
- Prospective Food Consumption
- Very-Low-Energy Diet
- Weight Loss
Cite this
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Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite. / Lyngstad, Anna; Nymo, Siren; Coutinho, Silvia R.; Rehfeld, Jens F.; Truby, Helen; Kulseng, Bård; Martins, Catia.
In: The American journal of clinical nutrition, Vol. 109, No. 6, 01.06.2019, p. 1511-1518.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite
AU - Lyngstad, Anna
AU - Nymo, Siren
AU - Coutinho, Silvia R.
AU - Rehfeld, Jens F.
AU - Truby, Helen
AU - Kulseng, Bård
AU - Martins, Catia
PY - 2019/6/1
Y1 - 2019/6/1
N2 - Background: Diet-induced weight loss (WL) is usually accompanied by increased appetite, a response that seems to be absent when ketogenic diets are used. It remains unknown if sex modulates the appetite suppressant effect of ketosis. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine if sex modulates the impact of WL-induced changes in appetite and if ketosis alters these responses. Methods: Ninety-five individuals (55 females) with obesity (BMI [kg/m 2 ]: 37 ± 4) underwent 8 wk of a very-low-energy diet, followed by 4 wk of refeeding and weight stabilization. Body composition, plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagonlike peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY [PYY], cholecystokinin and insulin), and subjective feelings of appetite were measured at baseline, week 9 in ketosis, and week 13 out of ketosis. Results: The mean WL at week 9 was 17% for males and 15% for females, which was maintained at week 13. Weight, fat, and fat-free mass loss were greater in males (P< 0.001 for all) and the increase in β-HB at week 9 higher in females (1.174 ± 0.096 compared with 0.783 ± 0.112 mmol/L, P = 0.029). Basal and postprandial GLP-1 and postprandial PYY (all P< 0.05) were significantly different for males and females. There were no significant sex × time interactions for any other appetite-related hormones or subjective feelings of appetite. At week 9, basal GLP-1 was decreased only in males (P< 0.001), whereas postprandial GLP-1 was increased only in females (P< 0.001). No significant changes in postprandial PYY were observed over time for either sex. Conclusions: Ketosis appears to have a greater beneficial impact on GLP-1 in females. However, sex does not seem to modulate the changes in the secretion of other appetite-related hormones, or subjective feelings of appetite, seen with WL, regardless of the ketotic state. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01834859. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;109:1511-1518.
AB - Background: Diet-induced weight loss (WL) is usually accompanied by increased appetite, a response that seems to be absent when ketogenic diets are used. It remains unknown if sex modulates the appetite suppressant effect of ketosis. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine if sex modulates the impact of WL-induced changes in appetite and if ketosis alters these responses. Methods: Ninety-five individuals (55 females) with obesity (BMI [kg/m 2 ]: 37 ± 4) underwent 8 wk of a very-low-energy diet, followed by 4 wk of refeeding and weight stabilization. Body composition, plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagonlike peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY [PYY], cholecystokinin and insulin), and subjective feelings of appetite were measured at baseline, week 9 in ketosis, and week 13 out of ketosis. Results: The mean WL at week 9 was 17% for males and 15% for females, which was maintained at week 13. Weight, fat, and fat-free mass loss were greater in males (P< 0.001 for all) and the increase in β-HB at week 9 higher in females (1.174 ± 0.096 compared with 0.783 ± 0.112 mmol/L, P = 0.029). Basal and postprandial GLP-1 and postprandial PYY (all P< 0.05) were significantly different for males and females. There were no significant sex × time interactions for any other appetite-related hormones or subjective feelings of appetite. At week 9, basal GLP-1 was decreased only in males (P< 0.001), whereas postprandial GLP-1 was increased only in females (P< 0.001). No significant changes in postprandial PYY were observed over time for either sex. Conclusions: Ketosis appears to have a greater beneficial impact on GLP-1 in females. However, sex does not seem to modulate the changes in the secretion of other appetite-related hormones, or subjective feelings of appetite, seen with WL, regardless of the ketotic state. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01834859. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;109:1511-1518.
KW - Cholecystokinin
KW - Fullness
KW - Ghrelin
KW - Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
KW - Hunger
KW - Ketosis
KW - Peptide YY
KW - Prospective Food Consumption
KW - Very-Low-Energy Diet
KW - Weight Loss
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85067268547&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/ajcn/nqz002
DO - 10.1093/ajcn/nqz002
M3 - Article
VL - 109
SP - 1511
EP - 1518
JO - The American journal of clinical nutrition
JF - The American journal of clinical nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
IS - 6
ER -