Implementing without evaluating: The missing link in understanding the effectiveness of financial incentive programs for e-bikes

The surging popularity of electric bicycles aligns with global objectives for active and sustainable mobility, a cornerstone of transportation policy. However, persistent barriers such as inadequate infrastructure and safety concerns, coupled with the steep cost of e-bikes, hinder their widespread adoption. To address the latter issue, various financial incentive programs have been implemented with the aim of increasing e-bike use. This review synthesises existing evidence to assess the effectiveness of these incentives in promoting modal shift to e-bikes. The review highlights the scarcity of published evidence on the effectiveness of financial incentive programs, which limits our understanding of the most effective design and structure of such schemes to inform policy. Despite this, findings from available studies indicate an increase in e-bike use and a corresponding decrease in car use among participants in the reviewed programs. There is a critical need for more rigorous studies, preferably employing experimental or quasi-experimental longitudinal designs, to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of e-bike financial incentive programs in delivering e-bike uptake and modal shift away from cars.