TY - JOUR
T1 - Impact of bee venom enzymes on diseases and immune responses
AU - Hossen, Md Sakib
AU - Shapla, Ummay Mahfuza
AU - Gan, Siew Hua
AU - Khalil, Md Ibrahim
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Copyright:
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2017/1
Y1 - 2017/1
N2 - Bee venom (BV) is used to treat many diseases and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antimutagenic, radioprotective, anti-nociceptive immunity promoting, hepatocyte protective and anti-cancer activity. According to the literature, BV contains several enzymes, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase B, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase and α-glucosidase. Recent studies have also reported the detection of different classes of enzymes in BV, including esterases, proteases and peptidases, protease inhibitors and other important enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, the physiochemical properties and functions of each enzyme class and their mechanisms remain unclear. Various pharmacotherapeutic effects of some of the BV enzymes have been reported in several studies. At present, ongoing research aims to characterize each enzyme and elucidate their specific biological roles. This review gathers all the current knowledge on BV enzymes and their specific mechanisms in regulating various immune responses and physiological changes to provide a basis for future therapies for various diseases.
AB - Bee venom (BV) is used to treat many diseases and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antimutagenic, radioprotective, anti-nociceptive immunity promoting, hepatocyte protective and anti-cancer activity. According to the literature, BV contains several enzymes, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase B, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase and α-glucosidase. Recent studies have also reported the detection of different classes of enzymes in BV, including esterases, proteases and peptidases, protease inhibitors and other important enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, the physiochemical properties and functions of each enzyme class and their mechanisms remain unclear. Various pharmacotherapeutic effects of some of the BV enzymes have been reported in several studies. At present, ongoing research aims to characterize each enzyme and elucidate their specific biological roles. This review gathers all the current knowledge on BV enzymes and their specific mechanisms in regulating various immune responses and physiological changes to provide a basis for future therapies for various diseases.
KW - Apis Mellifera
KW - Bee Venom
KW - Enzymes
KW - Pharmacotherapeutics
KW - Protein
KW - Toxin
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85009478190&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/molecules22010025
DO - 10.3390/molecules22010025
M3 - Review Article
C2 - 28035985
AN - SCOPUS:85009478190
SN - 1420-3049
VL - 22
JO - Molecules
JF - Molecules
IS - 1
M1 - 25
ER -
