@article{d793f6b4a3a14576b465e03aa53d3ae8,
title = "Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection",
abstract = "A proportion of patients surviving acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection develop post-acute COVID syndrome (long COVID (LC)) lasting longer than 12 weeks. Here, we studied individuals with LC compared to age- and gender-matched recovered individuals without LC, unexposed donors and individuals infected with other coronaviruses. Patients with LC had highly activated innate immune cells, lacked naive T and B cells and showed elevated expression of type I IFN (IFN-β) and type III IFN (IFN-λ1) that remained persistently high at 8 months after infection. Using a log-linear classification model, we defined an optimal set of analytes that had the strongest association with LC among the 28 analytes measured. Combinations of the inflammatory mediators IFN-β, PTX3, IFN-γ, IFN-λ2/3 and IL-6 associated with LC with 78.5–81.6\% accuracy. This work defines immunological parameters associated with LC and suggests future opportunities for prevention and treatment.",
author = "Chansavath Phetsouphanh and Darley, \{David R.\} and Wilson, \{Daniel B.\} and Annett Howe and Munier, \{C. Mee Ling\} and Patel, \{Sheila K.\} and Juno, \{Jennifer A.\} and Burrell, \{Louise M.\} and Kent, \{Stephen J.\} and Dore, \{Gregory J.\} and Kelleher, \{Anthony D.\} and Matthews, \{Gail V.\}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the staff at the St Vincent{\textquoteright}s Institute for Applied Medical Research–Clinical Trials Unit for their expertise in specimen processing and biobanking. We thank E. Johansson Beves for assistance with Cytek Aurora and V. Klemm for proofreading the manuscript. We appreciate grant support from the St Vincent{\textquoteright}s Clinic Foundation, the Curran Foundation, the Rapid Response Research Fund and the Medical Research Futures Fund (Australia). S.K.P. and L.M.B. were supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) program grant APP 1055214 (L.M.B.), Medical Research Future Fund award GNT 1175865 and an Austin Medical Research Foundation grant. D.B.W. was supported by NSF-DMA grant 1902854. S.J.K. and J.A.J. were supported by the Victorian Government, MRFF award 2005544, NHMRC program grant 1149990 (S.J.K. and A.D.K.) and NHMRC fellowships (1136322 to S.J.K. and 1123673 to J.A.J.). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.",
year = "2022",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1038/s41590-021-01113-x",
language = "English",
volume = "23",
pages = "210--216",
journal = "Nature Immunology",
issn = "1529-2908",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "2",
}