TY - JOUR
T1 - Hyperinflammatory Immune Response and COVID-19
T2 - A Double Edged Sword
AU - Tan, Li Yin
AU - Komarasamy, Thamil Vaani
AU - RMT Balasubramaniam, Vinod
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the reviewer for critical comments and suggestions. We would also like to thank the school and administration staff of Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia for their continuous support to this project and lab members of Infectious Disease Laboratory for critically reading this review.
Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright © 2021 Tan, Komarasamy and RMT Balasubramaniam.
PY - 2021/9/30
Y1 - 2021/9/30
N2 - The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) elicited by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused devastating health, economic and social impact worldwide. Its clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic to respiratory failure and multi-organ failure or death. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is attributed to a complex interplay between virus and host immune response. It involves activation of multiple inflammatory pathways leading to hyperinflammation and cytokine storm, resulting in tissue damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. Accumulating evidence has raised concern over the long-term health effects of COVID-19. Importantly, the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 may have devastating consequences in the brain. This review provides a conceptual framework on how the virus tricks the host immune system to induce infection and cause severe disease. We also explore the key differences between mild and severe COVID-19 and its short- and long-term effects, particularly on the human brain.
AB - The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) elicited by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused devastating health, economic and social impact worldwide. Its clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic to respiratory failure and multi-organ failure or death. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is attributed to a complex interplay between virus and host immune response. It involves activation of multiple inflammatory pathways leading to hyperinflammation and cytokine storm, resulting in tissue damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. Accumulating evidence has raised concern over the long-term health effects of COVID-19. Importantly, the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 may have devastating consequences in the brain. This review provides a conceptual framework on how the virus tricks the host immune system to induce infection and cause severe disease. We also explore the key differences between mild and severe COVID-19 and its short- and long-term effects, particularly on the human brain.
KW - adaptive immune response
KW - COVID-19
KW - cytokine storm
KW - hyperinflammation
KW - immunopathogenesis
KW - innate immune response
KW - SARS-CoV-2
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85117119912&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742941
DO - 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742941
M3 - Review Article
C2 - 34659238
AN - SCOPUS:85117119912
SN - 1664-3224
VL - 12
JO - Frontiers in Immunology
JF - Frontiers in Immunology
M1 - 742941
ER -
