Highly dispersed TiO₂nanocrystals and carbon dots on reduced graphene oxide: Ternary nanocomposites for acceleratedphotocatalytic water disinfection

Graphene is widely used as a catalyst support for improved charge separation in TiO₂ photocatalysis. However, the surface oxygen reduction activity of TiO₂ /graphene might be hindered due to the electron storage ability of graphene. In this study, highly dispersed TiO₂ and carbon dots (C-dots) co-decorated reduced graphene oxide (CTR) is synthesized via a simple hydrothermal reaction using TiCl₄ and glucose. Transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy are employed to characterize the CTR nanocomposite. The com- parison experiment confirmed that C-dots were sourced from the carbonization of glucose. Glucose and TiCl₄ which are mutual dispersants, are critical for forming highly dispersed and uniform-sized C-dots and TiO₂ nanocrystals. With well dispersed TiO₂ and C-dots at separated sites of reduced graphene oxide surface, CTR shows enhanced photocatalytic bacterial inactivation performance under simulated solar light. As confirmed by the reactive oxygen species production, the generation of superoxide anion (O₂^•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂ ) is improved. The electrochemical characterization reveals that charge separation in CTR photocatalysis is also promoted. Taken together, the concurrently improved charge separation and surface oxygen reduction activity contribute to an accelerated photocatalytic bacteria inactivation process.