Geometric confined pneumatic soft-rigid hybrid actuators

In this work, we propose a new kind of soft-rigid hybrid actuator composed mainly of soft chambers and rigid frames. Compared with the well-known fiber-reinforced soft actuators, the hybrid actuators are able to ensure the design of noncircular cross-sectional shapes. It is demonstrated that rigid frames are capable of providing geometric constraints, reducing the ineffective deformation, and improving the energy utilization for the hybrid actuators with noncircular cross-sections. The essential characteristics of rigid constraints and flexible constraints are obtained by simulation and experiments on specimens with three different cross-sectional shapes. Furthermore, a spring-fluid film model is introduced to characterize the behavior of a representative hybrid linear actuator and a bending actuator with a rectangular cross-section, and it is also proved by the corresponding experiments. The change of the cross-sectional shape of fiber-reinforced soft actuators under pressurization is also explained theoretically as a contrast. Then, two application examples, namely, a robotic gripper and a caudal fin formed from linear actuators, are designed and demonstrated, showing the advantages and potential applications of the proposed geometric confined hybrid actuators. The proposed soft-rigid hybrid actuators combine the properties of soft and rigid materials, expand the design scope of the compliant actuators, and provide new solutions for robotics, especially for soft robots with specific requirements for their shapes or profiles.