Gender, society, and financial inclusion: evidence from matrilineal and patriarchal societies

We study how societal gender norms shape women’s access to and use of formal banking services. Using randomized controlled experiments in matrilineal and patriarchal communities, we offered unbanked women financial incentives to open either a conventional or mobile bank account. Women in matrilineal communities were more likely to open and use accounts, regardless of type. In patriarchal communities, where mobility is restricted, mobile accounts were more effective. Account ownership improved women’s financial capability, with stronger impacts in matrilineal settings. Our findings highlight the importance of gender norms in shaping financial behavior and the potential of mobile banking in restrictive environments.