Abstract
The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) aims to accelerate biomedical advances by enabling the responsible sharing of clinical and genomic data through both harmonized data aggregation and federated approaches. The decreasing cost of genomic sequencing (along with other genome-wide molecular assays) and increasing evidence of its clinical utility will soon drive the generation of sequence data from tens of millions of humans, with increasing levels of diversity. In this perspective, we present the GA4GH strategies for addressing the major challenges of this data revolution. We describe the GA4GH organization, which is fueled by the development efforts of eight Work Streams and informed by the needs of 24 Driver Projects and other key stakeholders. We present the GA4GH suite of secure, interoperable technical standards and policy frameworks and review the current status of standards, their relevance to key domains of research and clinical care, and future plans of GA4GH. Broad international participation in building, adopting, and deploying GA4GH standards and frameworks will catalyze an unprecedented effort in data sharing that will be critical to advancing genomic medicine and ensuring that all populations can access its benefits.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 100029 |
| Number of pages | 33 |
| Journal | Cell Genomics |
| Volume | 1 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 10 Nov 2021 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- bioethics
- data access
- data federation
- data sharing
- genomics
- learning health system
- policy
- precision medicine
- standards
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In: Cell Genomics, Vol. 1, No. 2, 100029, 10.11.2021.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Review Article › Research › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - GA4GH
T2 - international policies and standards for data sharing across genomic research and healthcare
AU - Rehm, Heidi L.
AU - Page, Angela J.H.
AU - Smith, Lindsay
AU - Adams, Jeremy B.
AU - Alterovitz, Gil
AU - Babb, Lawrence J.
AU - Barkley, Maxmillian P.
AU - Baudis, Michael
AU - Beauvais, Michael J.S.
AU - Beck, Tim
AU - Beckmann, Jacques S.
AU - Beltran, Sergi
AU - Bernick, David
AU - Bernier, Alexander
AU - Bonfield, James K.
AU - Boughtwood, Tiffany F.
AU - Bourque, Guillaume
AU - Bowers, Sarion R.
AU - Brookes, Anthony J.
AU - Brudno, Michael
AU - Brush, Matthew H.
AU - Bujold, David
AU - Burdett, Tony
AU - Buske, Orion J.
AU - Cabili, Moran N.
AU - Cameron, Daniel L.
AU - Carroll, Robert J.
AU - Casas-Silva, Esmeralda
AU - Chakravarty, Debyani
AU - Chaudhari, Bimal P.
AU - Chen, Shu Hui
AU - Cherry, J. Michael
AU - Chung, Justina
AU - Cline, Melissa
AU - Clissold, Hayley L.
AU - Cook-Deegan, Robert M.
AU - Courtot, Mélanie
AU - Cunningham, Fiona
AU - Cupak, Miro
AU - Davies, Robert M.
AU - Denisko, Danielle
AU - Doerr, Megan J.
AU - Dolman, Lena I.
AU - Dove, Edward S.
AU - Dursi, L. Jonathan
AU - Dyke, Stephanie O.M.
AU - Eddy, James A.
AU - Eilbeck, Karen
AU - Ellrott, Kyle P.
AU - Fairley, Susan
AU - Fakhro, Khalid A.
AU - Firth, Helen V.
AU - Fitzsimons, Michael S.
AU - Fiume, Marc
AU - Flicek, Paul
AU - Fore, Ian M.
AU - Freeberg, Mallory A.
AU - Freimuth, Robert R.
AU - Fromont, Lauren A.
AU - Fuerth, Jonathan
AU - Gaff, Clara L.
AU - Gan, Weiniu
AU - Ghanaim, Elena M.
AU - Glazer, David
AU - Green, Robert C.
AU - Griffith, Malachi
AU - Griffith, Obi L.
AU - Grossman, Robert L.
AU - Groza, Tudor
AU - Guidry Auvil, Jaime M.
AU - Guigó, Roderic
AU - Gupta, Dipayan
AU - Haendel, Melissa A.
AU - Hamosh, Ada
AU - Hansen, David P.
AU - Hart, Reece K.
AU - Hartley, Dean Mitchell
AU - Haussler, David
AU - Hendricks-Sturrup, Rachele M.
AU - Ho, Calvin W.L.
AU - Hobb, Ashley E.
AU - Hoffman, Michael M.
AU - Hofmann, Oliver M.
AU - Holub, Petr
AU - Hsu, Jacob Shujui
AU - Hubaux, Jean Pierre
AU - Hunt, Sarah E.
AU - Husami, Ammar
AU - Jacobsen, Julius O.
AU - Jamuar, Saumya S.
AU - Janes, Elizabeth L.
AU - Jeanson, Francis
AU - Jené, Aina
AU - Johns, Amber L.
AU - Joly, Yann
AU - Jones, Steven J.M.
AU - Kanitz, Alexander
AU - Kato, Kazuto
AU - Keane, Thomas M.
AU - Kekesi-Lafrance, Kristina
AU - Kelleher, Jerome
AU - Kerry, Giselle
AU - Khor, Seik Soon
AU - Knoppers, Bartha M.
AU - Konopko, Melissa A.
AU - Kosaki, Kenjiro
AU - Kuba, Martin
AU - Lawson, Jonathan
AU - Leinonen, Rasko
AU - Li, Stephanie
AU - Lin, Michael F.
AU - Linden, Mikael
AU - Liu, Xianglin
AU - Liyanage, Isuru Udara
AU - Lopez, Javier
AU - Lucassen, Anneke M.
AU - Lukowski, Michael
AU - Mann, Alice L.
AU - Marshall, John
AU - Mattioni, Michele
AU - Metke-Jimenez, Alejandro
AU - Middleton, Anna
AU - Milne, Richard J.
AU - Molnár-Gábor, Fruzsina
AU - Mulder, Nicola
AU - Munoz-Torres, Monica C.
AU - Nag, Rishi
AU - Nakagawa, Hidewaki
AU - Nasir, Jamal
AU - Navarro, Arcadi
AU - Nelson, Tristan H.
AU - Niewielska, Ania
AU - Nisselle, Amy
AU - Niu, Jeffrey
AU - Nyrönen, Tommi H.
AU - O'Connor, Brian D.
AU - Oesterle, Sabine
AU - Ogishima, Soichi
AU - Ota Wang, Vivian
AU - Paglione, Laura A.D.
AU - Palumbo, Emilio
AU - Parkinson, Helen E.
AU - Philippakis, Anthony A.
AU - Pizarro, Angel D.
AU - Prlic, Andreas
AU - Rambla, Jordi
AU - Rendon, Augusto
AU - Rider, Renee A.
AU - Robinson, Peter N.
AU - Rodarmer, Kurt W.
AU - Rodriguez, Laura Lyman
AU - Rubin, Alan F.
AU - Rueda, Manuel
AU - Rushton, Gregory A.
AU - Ryan, Rosalyn S.
AU - Saunders, Gary I.
AU - Schuilenburg, Helen
AU - Schwede, Torsten
AU - Scollen, Serena
AU - Senf, Alexander
AU - Sheffield, Nathan C.
AU - Skantharajah, Neerjah
AU - Smith, Albert V.
AU - Sofia, Heidi J.
AU - Spalding, Dylan
AU - Spurdle, Amanda B.
AU - Stark, Zornitza
AU - Stein, Lincoln D.
AU - Suematsu, Makoto
AU - Tan, Patrick
AU - Tedds, Jonathan A.
AU - Thomson, Alastair A.
AU - Thorogood, Adrian
AU - Tickle, Timothy L.
AU - Tokunaga, Katsushi
AU - Törnroos, Juha
AU - Torrents, David
AU - Upchurch, Sean
AU - Valencia, Alfonso
AU - Guimera, Roman Valls
AU - Vamathevan, Jessica
AU - Varma, Susheel
AU - Vears, Danya F.
AU - Viner, Coby
AU - Voisin, Craig
AU - Wagner, Alex H.
AU - Wallace, Susan E.
AU - Walsh, Brian P.
AU - Williams, Marc S.
AU - Winkler, Eva C.
AU - Wold, Barbara J.
AU - Wood, Grant M.
AU - Woolley, J. Patrick
AU - Yamasaki, Chisato
AU - Yates, Andrew D.
AU - Yung, Christina K.
AU - Zass, Lyndon J.
AU - Zaytseva, Ksenia
AU - Zhang, Junjun
AU - Goodhand, Peter
AU - North, Kathryn
AU - Birney, Ewan
N1 - Funding Information: B.P.C. acknowledges funding from Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital ; T.H. Nyrönen acknowledges funding from Academy of Finland grant # 31996 ; A.M.-J., K.N., T.F.B., O.M.H., and Z.S. acknowledge funding from Australian Medical Research Future Fund ; M.S. acknowledges funding from Biobank Japan ; D. Bujold and S.J.M.J. acknowledge funding from Canada Foundation for Innovation ; L.J.D. acknowledges funding from Canada Foundation for Innovation Cyber Infrastructure grant # 34860 ; D. Bujold and G.B. acknowledge funding from CANARIE ; L.J.D. acknowledges funding from CANARIE Research Data Management contract # RDM-090 (CHORD) and # RDM2-053 (ClinDIG); K.K.-L. acknowledges funding from CanSHARE ; T.L.T. acknowledges funding from Chan Zuckerberg Initiative ; T. Burdett acknowledges funding from Chan Zuckerberg Initiative grant # 2017-171671 ; D. Bujold, G.B., and L.D.S. acknowledge funding from CIHR ; L.J.D. acknowledges funding from CIHR grant # 404896 ; M.J.S.B. acknowledges funding from CIHR grant # SBD-163124 ; M. Courtot and M. Linden acknowledge funding from CINECA project EU Horizon 2020 grant # 825775 ; D. Bujold and G.B. acknowledge funding from Compute Canada ; F.M.-G. acknowledges funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – NFDI 1/1 “GHGA – German Human Genome-Phenome Archive ; R.M.H.-S. acknowledges funding from Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy ; S.B. and A.J.B. acknowledge funding from EJP-RD EU Horizon 2020 grant # 825575 ; A. Niewielska, A.K., D.S., G.I.S., J.A.T., J.R., M.A.K., M. Baudis, M. Linden, S.B., S.S., T.H. Nyrönen, and T.M.K. acknowledge funding from ELIXIR ; A. Niewielska acknowledges funding from EOSC-Life EU Horizon 2020 grant # 824087 ; J.-P.H. acknowledges funding from ETH Domain Strategic Focal Area “Personalized Health and Related Technologies (PHRT)” grant # 2017-201 ; F.M.-G. acknowledges funding from EUCANCan EU Horizon 2020 grant # 825835 ; B.M.K., D. Bujold, G.B., L.D.S., M.J.S.B., N.S., S.E.W., and Y.J. acknowledge funding from Genome Canada ; B.M.K., M.J.S.B., S.E.W., and Y.J. acknowledge funding from Genome Quebec ; F.M.-G. acknowledges funding from German Human Genome-Phenome Archive ; C. Voisin acknowledges funding from Google ; A.J.B. acknowledges funding from Health Data Research UK Substantive Site Award ; D.H. acknowledges funding from Howard Hughes Medical Institute ; S.B. acknowledges funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III ; S.-S.K. and K.T. acknowledge funding from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); S. Ogishima acknowledges funding from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) grant # 20kk0205014h0005 ; C.Y. and K. Kosaki acknowledge funding from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) grant # JP18kk0205012 ; GEM Japan acknowledges funding from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) grants # 19kk0205014h0004 , # 20kk0205014h0005 , # 20kk0205013h0005 , # 20kk0205012h0005 , # 20km0405401h0003 , and # 19km0405001h0104 ; J.R. acknowledges funding from La Caixa Foundation under project # LCF/PR/GN13/50260009 ; R.R.F. acknowledges funding from Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine ; Y.J. and S.E.W. acknowledge funding from Ministère de l’Économie et de l’Innovation du Québec for the Can-SHARE Connect Project; S.E.W. and S.O.M.D. acknowledge funding from Ministère de l’Économie et de l’Innovation du Québec for the Can-SHARE grant # 141210 ; M.A.H., M.C.M.-T., J.O.J., H.E.P., and P.N.R. acknowledge funding from Monarch Initiative grant # R24OD011883 and Phenomics First NHGRI grant # 1RM1HG010860 ; A.L.M. and E.B. acknowledge funding from MRC grant # MC_PC_19024 ; P.T. acknowledges funding from National University of Singapore and Agency for Science, Technology and Research ; J.M.C. acknowledges funding from NHGRI ; A.H.W. acknowledges funding from NHGRI awards K99HG010157 , R00HG010157 , and R35HG011949 ; A.M.-J., K.N., D.P.H., O.M.H., T.F.B., and Z.S. acknowledge funding from NHMRC grants # GNT1113531 and # GNT2000001 ; D.L.C. acknowledges funding from NHMRC Ideas grant # 1188098 ; A.B.S. acknowledges funding from NHMRC Investigator Fellowship grant # APP177524 ; J.M.C. and L.D.S. acknowledge funding from NIH ; A.A.P. acknowledges funding from NIH Anvil ; A.V.S. acknowledges funding from NIH contract # HHSN268201800002I (TOPMed Informatics Research Center); S.U. acknowledges funding from NIH ENCODE grant # UM1HG009443 ; M.C.M.-T. and M.A.H. acknowledge funding from NIH grant # 1U13CA221044 ; R.J.C. acknowledges funding from NIH grants # 1U24HG010262 and # 1U2COD023196 ; M.G. acknowledges funding from NIH grant # R00HG007940 ; J.B.A., S.L., P.G., E.B., H.L.R., and L.S. acknowledge funding from NIH grant # U24HG011025 ; K.P.E. acknowledges funding from NIH grant # U2C-RM-160010 ; J.A.E. acknowledges funding from NIH NCATS grant # U24TR002306 ; M.M. acknowledges funding from NIH NCI contract # HHSN261201400008c and ID/IQ Agreement #17X146 under contract #HHSN2612015000031 and # 75N91019D00024 ; R.M.C.-D. acknowledges funding from NIH NCI grant # R01CA237118 ; M. Cline acknowledges funding from NIH NCI grant # U01CA242954 ; K.P.E. acknowledges funding from NIH NCI ITCR grant # 1U24CA231877-01 ; O.L.G. acknowledges funding from NIH NCI ITCR grant # U24CA237719 ; R.L.G. acknowledges funding from NIH NCI task order # 17X147F10 under contract # HHSN261200800001E ; A.F.R. acknowledges funding from NIH NHGRI grant # RM1HG010461 ; N.M. and L.J.Z. acknowledge funding from NIH NHGRI grant # U24HG006941 ; R.R.F., T.H. Nelson, L.J.B., and H.L.R. acknowledge funding from NIH NHGRI grant # U41HG006834 ; B.J.W. acknowledges funding from NIH NHGRI grant # UM1HG009443A ; M. Cline acknowledges funding from NIH NHLBI BioData Catalyst Fellowship grant # 5118777 ; M.M. acknowledges funding from NIH NHLBI BioData Catalyst Program grant # 1OT3HL142478-01 ; N.C.S. acknowledges funding from NIH NIGMS grant # R35-GM128636 ; M.C.M.-T., M.A.H., P.N.R., and R.R.F. acknowledge funding from NIH NLM contract # 75N97019P00280 ; E.B. and A.L.M. acknowledge funding from NIHR ; R.G. acknowledges funding from Project Ris3CAT VEIS ; S.B. acknowledges funding from RD-Connect, Seventh Framework Program grant # 305444 ; J.K. acknowledges funding from Robertson Foundation ; S.B. and A.J.B. acknowledge funding from Solve-RD, EU Horizon 2020 grant # 779257 ; T.S. and S. Oesterle acknowledge funding from Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and Swiss Personalized Health Network (SPHN), supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SERI; S.J.M.J. acknowledges funding from Terry Fox Research Institute ; A.E.H., M.P.B., M. Cupak, M.F., and J.F. acknowledge funding from the Digital Technology Supercluster ; D.F.V. acknowledges funding from the Australian Medical Research Future Fund , as part of the Genomics Health Futures Mission grant # 76749 ; M. Baudis acknowledges funding from the BioMedIT Network project of Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and Swiss Personalized Health Network (SPHN); B.M.K. acknowledges funding from the Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine and CIHR grant # SBD-163124 ; D.S., G.I.S., M.A.K., S.B., S.S., and T.H. Nyrönen acknowledge funding from the EU Horizon 2020 Beyond 1 Million Genomes (B1MG) Project grant # 951724 ; P.F., A.D.Y., F.C., H.S., I.U.L., D. Gupta, M. Courtot, S.E.H., T. Burdett, T.M.K., and S.F. acknowledge funding from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ; Y.J. and S.E.W. acknowledge funding from the Government of Canada ; P.G. acknowledges funding from the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute ( OGI-206 ); J.Z. acknowledges funding from the Government of Ontario ; C.K.Y. acknowledges funding from the Government of Ontario , Canada Foundation for Innovation ; C. Viner and M.M.H. acknowledge funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (grant # RGPIN-2015-03948 to M.M.H. and Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship to C.V.); K.K.-L. acknowledges funding from the Program for Integrated Database of Clinical and Genomic Information ; J.K. acknowledges funding from the Robertson Foundation ; D.F.V. acknowledges funding from the Victorian State Government through the Operational Infrastructure Support (OIS) Program; A.M.L., R.N., and H.V.F. acknowledge funding from Wellcome (collaborative award); F.C., H.S., P.F., and S.E.H. acknowledge funding from Wellcome Trust grant # 108749/Z/15/Z ; A.D.Y., H.S., I.U.L., M. Courtot, H.E.P., P.F., and T.M.K. acknowledge funding from Wellcome Trust grant # 201535/Z/16/Z ; A.M., J.K.B., R.J.M., R.M.D., and T.M.K. acknowledge funding from Wellcome Trust grant # 206194 ; E.B., P.F., P.G., and S.F. acknowledge funding from Wellcome Trust grant # 220544/Z/20/Z ; A. Hamosh acknowledges funding from NIH NHGRI grant U41HG006627 and U54HG006542 ; J.S.H. acknowledges funding from National Taiwan University # 91F701-45C and # 109T098-02 ; the work of K.W.R. was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Library of Medicine, NIH . For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. H.V.F. acknowledges funding from Wellcome Grant 200990/A/16/Z ‘Designing, developing and delivering integrated foundations for genomic medicine'. Funding Information: H.L.R., K.N., N.M., and E.B. are members of the Cell Genomics Advisory Board. E.B. is a paid consultant to Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Dovetail Inc, both in the field of genomics. A.A.P. is a Venture Partner at GV. and has received funding from Alphabet, Microsoft, Intel, IBM, and Bayer; he is on the Novartis - Data 42 External Advisory Board and the Additional Ventures SAB. D. Glazer is on the NIH Advisory Committee to the Director, the ICDA Organizing Committee, and the Vanderbilt Biomedical Science Advisory Board. F.M.-G. is co-editor of the GA4GH GDPR and International Health Data Forum. J.O.J. is a consultant to Congenica Ltd. J.-P.H. is a co-founder of start-up Tune Insight ( http://www.tuneinsight.com ); he was on the Scientific Advisory Board of Sophia Genetics from 2012 to 2018. M.F.L. is on the boards of DNAnexus, Amazon Web Services, and Google. M.N.C. is an employee of Foundation Medicine and equity holder of Roche. P.F. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of Fabric Genomics, Inc. and Eagle Genomics, Ltd. R.C.G. has advised the following companies: AIA, Genomic Life, Grail, Humanity, Kneed Media, Plumcare, UnitedHealth, Verily, and VibrentHealth; and is co-founder of Genome Medical, Inc. R.M.C.-D. is on the Genome Quebec Scientific Advisory Committee, theBRCA Exchange Steering Committee, and the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium ELSI Committee. R.M.H.-S. is the Chief Data Governance Officer at the National Alliance Against Disparities in Patient Health. S.S.J. is a co-founder of Global Gene Corporation Pte Ltd. A. Hamosh serves as the PI of OMIM and is on the Steering Committee of the Matchmaker Exchange. A.V. is a member of the Data Science Committee at the Novo Nordisk Foundation, a panel member of the European Research Council Synergy Grants Committee, member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Vice-Chair of the Scientific Committee of IMI – Innovative Medicines Initiative, member of the Scientific Committee of IMI – Innovative Medicines Initiative, member of the Scientific Committee of the Programmes Transversaux set up by the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, member of the Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI) Scientific Advisory Board, member of the Institute Curie bioinformatics program Scientific Advisory Board (chair), member of SAB of the Biology Department UPF Barcelona, member of SAB of the Barcelona Biomedicine Research Institute (IRB Barcelona), member of the Intepro database SAB, and member of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics SAB. R.K.H. is an employee of MyOme, Inc, former employee of Invitae, and received funding from the Broad Institute. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors
PY - 2021/11/10
Y1 - 2021/11/10
N2 - The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) aims to accelerate biomedical advances by enabling the responsible sharing of clinical and genomic data through both harmonized data aggregation and federated approaches. The decreasing cost of genomic sequencing (along with other genome-wide molecular assays) and increasing evidence of its clinical utility will soon drive the generation of sequence data from tens of millions of humans, with increasing levels of diversity. In this perspective, we present the GA4GH strategies for addressing the major challenges of this data revolution. We describe the GA4GH organization, which is fueled by the development efforts of eight Work Streams and informed by the needs of 24 Driver Projects and other key stakeholders. We present the GA4GH suite of secure, interoperable technical standards and policy frameworks and review the current status of standards, their relevance to key domains of research and clinical care, and future plans of GA4GH. Broad international participation in building, adopting, and deploying GA4GH standards and frameworks will catalyze an unprecedented effort in data sharing that will be critical to advancing genomic medicine and ensuring that all populations can access its benefits.
AB - The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) aims to accelerate biomedical advances by enabling the responsible sharing of clinical and genomic data through both harmonized data aggregation and federated approaches. The decreasing cost of genomic sequencing (along with other genome-wide molecular assays) and increasing evidence of its clinical utility will soon drive the generation of sequence data from tens of millions of humans, with increasing levels of diversity. In this perspective, we present the GA4GH strategies for addressing the major challenges of this data revolution. We describe the GA4GH organization, which is fueled by the development efforts of eight Work Streams and informed by the needs of 24 Driver Projects and other key stakeholders. We present the GA4GH suite of secure, interoperable technical standards and policy frameworks and review the current status of standards, their relevance to key domains of research and clinical care, and future plans of GA4GH. Broad international participation in building, adopting, and deploying GA4GH standards and frameworks will catalyze an unprecedented effort in data sharing that will be critical to advancing genomic medicine and ensuring that all populations can access its benefits.
KW - bioethics
KW - data access
KW - data federation
KW - data sharing
KW - genomics
KW - learning health system
KW - policy
KW - precision medicine
KW - standards
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85122512332&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.xgen.2021.100029
DO - 10.1016/j.xgen.2021.100029
M3 - Review Article
C2 - 35072136
AN - SCOPUS:85122512332
SN - 2666-979X
VL - 1
JO - Cell Genomics
JF - Cell Genomics
IS - 2
M1 - 100029
ER -