TY - JOUR
T1 - Furfural production from the lignocellulosic agro-forestry waste by solvolysis method – A technical review
AU - Zhou, Qiaoqiao
AU - Ding, Ajing
AU - Zhang, Lei
AU - Wang, Jingwei
AU - Gu, Jinxing
AU - Wu, Ta Yeong
AU - Gu, Xuehong
AU - Zhang, Lian
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Project (No. LP220100365), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22308162), and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20230321). The authors are also grateful to the Monash Faculty of Engineering for the support on the establishment of a research node on Advanced Waste Engineering and Management (A-WEM) in 2021.
Funding Information:
This work was funded by Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Project (No. LP220100365 ), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22308162 ), and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20230321 ). The authors are also grateful to the Monash Faculty of Engineering for the support on the establishment of a research node on Advanced Waste Engineering and Management (A-WEM) in 2021.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2024
PY - 2024/5
Y1 - 2024/5
N2 - Furfural is one of the most prospective platform chemicals derived from biomass. This review summarises the principal factors governing the yield/selectivity of furfural by solvolysis technique, with a particular attention to the conversion of C6 cellulose feedstock. So far, most studies focused on the C5 sugar-rich feedstock, which requires solely dehydration to convert into furfural. In contrast, the conversion of C6 sugars to furfural is more challenging, requiring dehydration and C–C bond breakage. Depending on the type of biomass and catalyst, the reaction temperature and residence time have an optimum value of ∼160–180 °C and ∼ 30–120 min respectively in traditional heating mode. The low optimum temperature (∼140 °C) for the microwave-assisted technique and that C5 polymers do not necessarily require longer reaction time than their monomers indicate that microwave irradiation is more efficient in depolymerisation reaction of polymers. Additionally, the organic solvent systems containing <10 wt% water were the most promising. For catalysts, sulphates/sulphonated catalysts showed the highest potential for furfural production, and Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+ are the most promising cationic candidates. Finally, the future perspectives were proposed, including development of novel heterogeneous catalysts and microwave-assisted technique, kinetic study and mechanistic study for the conversion of C6 sugars.
AB - Furfural is one of the most prospective platform chemicals derived from biomass. This review summarises the principal factors governing the yield/selectivity of furfural by solvolysis technique, with a particular attention to the conversion of C6 cellulose feedstock. So far, most studies focused on the C5 sugar-rich feedstock, which requires solely dehydration to convert into furfural. In contrast, the conversion of C6 sugars to furfural is more challenging, requiring dehydration and C–C bond breakage. Depending on the type of biomass and catalyst, the reaction temperature and residence time have an optimum value of ∼160–180 °C and ∼ 30–120 min respectively in traditional heating mode. The low optimum temperature (∼140 °C) for the microwave-assisted technique and that C5 polymers do not necessarily require longer reaction time than their monomers indicate that microwave irradiation is more efficient in depolymerisation reaction of polymers. Additionally, the organic solvent systems containing <10 wt% water were the most promising. For catalysts, sulphates/sulphonated catalysts showed the highest potential for furfural production, and Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+ are the most promising cationic candidates. Finally, the future perspectives were proposed, including development of novel heterogeneous catalysts and microwave-assisted technique, kinetic study and mechanistic study for the conversion of C6 sugars.
KW - Agro-forestry waste
KW - C6-rich cellulose
KW - Catalysis
KW - Furfural
KW - Solvolysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85186480258&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.fuproc.2024.108063
DO - 10.1016/j.fuproc.2024.108063
M3 - Review Article
AN - SCOPUS:85186480258
SN - 0378-3820
VL - 255
JO - Fuel Processing Technology
JF - Fuel Processing Technology
M1 - 108063
ER -