Flash-assisted processing of highly conductive zinc oxide electrodes from water

Fabricating high-quality transparent conductors using inexpensive and industrially viable techniques is a major challenge toward developing low cost optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, light emitting diodes, and touch panel displays. In this work, highly transparent and conductive ZnO thin fi lms are prepared from a low-temperature, aqueous deposition method through the careful control of the reaction chemistry. A robotic synthetic platform is used to explore the wide parameter space of a chemical bath system that uses only cheap and earth abundant chemicals for thin fi lm deposition. As-deposited fi lms are found to be highly resistive, however, through exposure to several millisecond pulses of high-intensity, broadband light, intrinsically doped ZnO fi lms with sheet resistances as low as 40 Ω −1 can be readily prepared. Such values are comparable with state-of-the-art-doped transparent conducting oxides. The mild processing conditions (<150 °C) of the ZnO electrodes also enable their deposition on temperature sensitive substrates such as PET, paving the way for their use in various fl exible optoelectronic devices. Proofof- concept light emitting devices employing ZnO as a transparent electrode are presented.