Financing healthcare in Indonesia

Introduction
There have been two major transitions for healthcare in Indonesia, the implementation of government authority decentralisation and universal health insurance coverage. Approximately 14% of people in Indonesia were covered by health insurance in 2000 which increased to 63% by 2012 under government or private insurance schemes. A universal public health insurance coverage called Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) was launched in January 2014 and aims to cover all Indonesian people.
Objective
The objective of this paper is to discuss the funding of healthcare in Indonesia and compare to other South East Asian and lower-middle income countries.
Discussion
The decentralisation of health management commenced in 2001. Most people subsequently sought health services from the private sector and were out-of-pocket financially or did not receive the required care. The private sector contributed 62.1% for health services compared to 37.9% by the government. The Indonesian government implemented several health insurance schemes specifically for the poor including Kartu Sehat, Askeskin, Jamkesmas, Jamkesda, Jampersal, and BPJS. Despite some inappropriate use of previous health insurances, the BPJS is expected to have an improved management and will cover all citizens by the end of 2019. The BPJS is also predicted to minimise obstacles for the community to access prehospital and in-hospital emergency care.