Evaluation of multi-satellite precipitation products in estimating precipitation extremes over mainland China at annual, seasonal and monthly scales

The wide and consistent global coverage of satellite-based quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) has shown great potential for monitoring precipitation (PR) at large spatial scales. Evaluation of QPEs in estimating PR extremes is vital to forecasting hydrologic extremes. Here, we present a systematic evaluation of four commonly used QPEs: (1) the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS), (2) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 Version 7 (TRMM 3B42 V7), (3) Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), and (4) Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP), in their abilities to detect PR extremes in mainland China at annual-seasonal-monthly scales. Four Standard Extreme Precipitation Indices (SEPIs) are chosen as the assessment metrics, including the maximum 1-day PR (Rx1day), the simple PR intensity index (SDII), the count of days with PR ≥ 20 mm (R20mm), and the consecutive dry days (CDD). Results indicate that PERSIANN-CDR performs best for all SEPIs, followed by CHIRPS and TRMM 3B42 V7. All QPEs (except MSWEP) perform better (worse) in capturing CDD (SDII) than other SEPIs at all three timescales. However, large differences among the performance of QPEs in estimated seasonal SEPIs are found - CHIRPS (PERSIANN-CDR) outperforms the other QPEs in spring (summer and autumn), while PERSIANN-CDR and CHIRPS outperform the other QPEs in winter. All QPEs perform better in detecting extreme PR occurrence in summer than in other seasons, and spatially most of them perform better in humid southeastern China than in arid northwestern China. CHIRPS and TRMM 3B42 V7 overestimate Rx1day, R20mm and SDII in most of China, while MSWEP notably underestimates CDD in most of China and overestimates Rx1day, R20mm and SDII in western China.