Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (-)-Δ ⁹ -Tetrahydrocannabinol via N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis

Enantioselective syntheses of (-)-Δ ⁸ -tetrahydrocannabinol ((-)-Δ ⁸ -THC) and (-)-Δ ⁹ -THC have been achieved in eight and 10 steps, respectively, from a known cinnamic acid. The syntheses take advantage of an enantioselective N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed (4 + 2) annulation between donor-acceptor cyclobutanes and cinnamoyl fluorides to construct the highly enantioenriched cycloxyl β-lactone shown. Having constructed this A-ring precursor, elaboration to (-)-Δ ⁸ -THC is achieved through β-lactone alcoholysis followed by oxidation, dual decarboxylation, trimethylation, and cationic cyclization. Finally, the conversion to (-)-Δ ⁹ -THC is achieved with established chemistry.