TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of water-soluble secondary antioxidants on the retention of carotene and tocols during hydrolysis of crude palm oil catalysed by Eversa® Transform 2.0 for alcohol-free production of palm phytonutrients concentrate
AU - Adiiba, Siti Hanifah
AU - Song, Cher Pin
AU - Lee, Yee Ying
AU - Amelia, null
AU - Chang, Mun Yuen
AU - Chan, Eng Seng
N1 - Funding Information:
All authors of this work would like to express the highest appreciation to Monash-Industry Plant Oils Research Platform (MIPO) for the provision of research facilities. Authors are grateful to Novozymes Malaysia for providing the enzymes and Mewah Oils for providing the CPO. Ms. Siti Hanifah Adiiba is thankful to Monash University Malaysia for the scholarship and research facilities.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Authors
PY - 2024/3
Y1 - 2024/3
N2 - The liquid lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 (ET 2.0) was used to catalyse the hydrolysis of crude palm oil (CPO) to concentrate and extract carotene and tocols, which is then followed by separation. Nonetheless, the production of free fatty acids (FFA) promotes auto-oxidation, resulting in significant loss of the palm carotenes and tocols during hydrolysis. Therefore, this study explores the effects of incorporating several secondary acid antioxidants namely ascorbic acid, citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), on the production of FFA and retention of palm phytonutrients during the enzymatic hydrolysis of CPO. Generally, the results revealed that the addition of these secondary antioxidants notably enhanced the retention of the palm phytonutrients. However, citric acid at high concentrations were found to impose a negative effect on the production of FFA, primarily due to the acid denaturation of the lipase after at low pH conditions. It can be concluded that EDTA is the best performing antioxidant as it efficiently retained 98% of the palm carotene and 97% of the tocols after 24 h of reaction without disrupting the FFA production, remarkably at much lower concentrations (0.01 wt%) in comparison to the other antioxidants. It was deduced that the reason for this is mainly its low solubility in both oil and water phases of the reaction. Finally, separation of the FFA from the oil using vacuum distillation at 200 ℃ and 100 Pa for 1 h successfully enriched the palm carotene and tocols by 2.7-fold and 8.8-fold, respectively.
AB - The liquid lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 (ET 2.0) was used to catalyse the hydrolysis of crude palm oil (CPO) to concentrate and extract carotene and tocols, which is then followed by separation. Nonetheless, the production of free fatty acids (FFA) promotes auto-oxidation, resulting in significant loss of the palm carotenes and tocols during hydrolysis. Therefore, this study explores the effects of incorporating several secondary acid antioxidants namely ascorbic acid, citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), on the production of FFA and retention of palm phytonutrients during the enzymatic hydrolysis of CPO. Generally, the results revealed that the addition of these secondary antioxidants notably enhanced the retention of the palm phytonutrients. However, citric acid at high concentrations were found to impose a negative effect on the production of FFA, primarily due to the acid denaturation of the lipase after at low pH conditions. It can be concluded that EDTA is the best performing antioxidant as it efficiently retained 98% of the palm carotene and 97% of the tocols after 24 h of reaction without disrupting the FFA production, remarkably at much lower concentrations (0.01 wt%) in comparison to the other antioxidants. It was deduced that the reason for this is mainly its low solubility in both oil and water phases of the reaction. Finally, separation of the FFA from the oil using vacuum distillation at 200 ℃ and 100 Pa for 1 h successfully enriched the palm carotene and tocols by 2.7-fold and 8.8-fold, respectively.
KW - Carotene
KW - Crude palm oil
KW - Enzymatic hydrolysis
KW - Phytonutrients
KW - Secondary acid antioxidants
KW - Tocols
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85181049984&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117929
DO - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117929
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85181049984
SN - 0926-6690
VL - 209
JO - Industrial Crops and Products
JF - Industrial Crops and Products
M1 - 117929
ER -