TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of changes to the taxation of beer on alcohol consumption and government revenue in Australia
AU - Vandenberg, Brian
AU - Jiang, Heng
AU - Livingston, Michael
PY - 2019/8
Y1 - 2019/8
N2 - Background: In 1988, the Australian government introduced a single nominal rate of tax on all beer products calculated on alcohol content. However, in 2000/01, varying nominal rates of tax were introduced for beer products according to three alcohol content levels (low-/mid-/high-strength) and container type (on-/off-premises). Little is known about the effect of the different tax policies on alcohol consumption and government revenue. Methods: We undertake time series analysis over 1989–2016 to examine the effect of beer tax policies in two sub-periods (before/after 2000/01) on category-level beer consumption per capita and government revenue. We also test if the policy changes in 2000/01 had immediate or long-term effects on total (all beer category) consumption over 1989–2016. Data includes monthly domestic beer sales volumes by category (in litres of alcohol), monthly government revenue from beer tax (AUD$), and inflation-adjusted tax rates (AUD$ per litre of alcohol). Results: Before 2000/01, the single nominal tax rate had a significant positive effect on revenue, but no significant effect on consumption. After 2000/01, the relatively higher nominal tax rates for two beer categories (mid- and high-strength off-premises) had a significant negative effect on their consumption, and a significant negative effect on revenue in one category (mid-strength off-premises). However, across the full period examined (1989–2016), the level and slope of total beer consumption was not significantly affected by the tax policy changes in 2000/01. Conclusion: Raising alcohol taxes has the potential to reduce consumption and increase government revenue, but has been underutilised for these public health and public finance objectives in Australia.
AB - Background: In 1988, the Australian government introduced a single nominal rate of tax on all beer products calculated on alcohol content. However, in 2000/01, varying nominal rates of tax were introduced for beer products according to three alcohol content levels (low-/mid-/high-strength) and container type (on-/off-premises). Little is known about the effect of the different tax policies on alcohol consumption and government revenue. Methods: We undertake time series analysis over 1989–2016 to examine the effect of beer tax policies in two sub-periods (before/after 2000/01) on category-level beer consumption per capita and government revenue. We also test if the policy changes in 2000/01 had immediate or long-term effects on total (all beer category) consumption over 1989–2016. Data includes monthly domestic beer sales volumes by category (in litres of alcohol), monthly government revenue from beer tax (AUD$), and inflation-adjusted tax rates (AUD$ per litre of alcohol). Results: Before 2000/01, the single nominal tax rate had a significant positive effect on revenue, but no significant effect on consumption. After 2000/01, the relatively higher nominal tax rates for two beer categories (mid- and high-strength off-premises) had a significant negative effect on their consumption, and a significant negative effect on revenue in one category (mid-strength off-premises). However, across the full period examined (1989–2016), the level and slope of total beer consumption was not significantly affected by the tax policy changes in 2000/01. Conclusion: Raising alcohol taxes has the potential to reduce consumption and increase government revenue, but has been underutilised for these public health and public finance objectives in Australia.
KW - Alcohol
KW - Australia
KW - Beer
KW - Taxation
KW - Time series
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85064867035&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.012
DO - 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.012
M3 - Article
C2 - 31054371
AN - SCOPUS:85064867035
VL - 70
SP - 1
EP - 7
JO - International Journal of Drug Policy
JF - International Journal of Drug Policy
SN - 0955-3959
ER -