TY - JOUR
T1 - Dry fractionation approach in concentrating tocopherols and tocotrienols from palm fatty acid distillate
T2 - A green pretreatment process for vitamin E extraction
AU - Ngoc Doan, Phuong Anh
AU - Tan, Tzyi Horng
AU - Siow, Lee Fong
AU - Tey, Beng Ti
AU - Chan, Eng Seng
AU - Tang, Teck Kim
AU - Abdul Karim, Nur Azwani
AU - Phuah, Eng Tong
AU - Lee, Yee Ying
N1 - Funding Information:
The author would like to acknowledge Monash Industry Palm Oil Research Platform and School of Science Monash University for their financial support as well as Sime Darby Research Sdn Bhd for their technical support provided for this project. We are grateful to Mr. Vijay Krishnan Shanmugam and Ms. Siti Zunairah for the technical support provided.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 AOCS
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/6
Y1 - 2021/6
N2 - Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a rich source of vitamin E. As compared to other vegetable oil, PFAD has higher tocotrienol (70–80%) over tocopherol content, which makes it a valuable source for vitamin E extraction. Current vitamin E extraction methods are not sustainable due to the intensive usage of chemical and high operational cost. Hence, the present study investigated for the first time using dry fractionation process as a green and economical pretreatment method for separating solid fraction (stearin) and liquid fraction (olein) in order to concentrate vitamin E from PFAD in olein fraction. We examined the dry fractionation conditions: crystallization ending temperature (36–44 °C), cooling rate (0.3 and 1.5°C min−1), stirring speed (20–125 rpm), and holding time (0–60 min) on the composition of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids as well as vitamin E content in liquid fraction (olein) and solid fraction (stearin) using gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. In most of these conditions, vitamin E was ultimately higher in olein fraction as compared to stearin fraction, which is correlated with the high degree of unsaturation. Under a cooling rate of 0.3°C min−1, 90 rpm stirring speed, and ending crystallization of 38 °C, the highest vitamin E rich olein fraction was attained with 1479 ± 10.51 ppm in 50 g olein fraction as compared to 1366 ± 7.94 ppm in 500 g of unfractionated PFAD.
AB - Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a rich source of vitamin E. As compared to other vegetable oil, PFAD has higher tocotrienol (70–80%) over tocopherol content, which makes it a valuable source for vitamin E extraction. Current vitamin E extraction methods are not sustainable due to the intensive usage of chemical and high operational cost. Hence, the present study investigated for the first time using dry fractionation process as a green and economical pretreatment method for separating solid fraction (stearin) and liquid fraction (olein) in order to concentrate vitamin E from PFAD in olein fraction. We examined the dry fractionation conditions: crystallization ending temperature (36–44 °C), cooling rate (0.3 and 1.5°C min−1), stirring speed (20–125 rpm), and holding time (0–60 min) on the composition of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids as well as vitamin E content in liquid fraction (olein) and solid fraction (stearin) using gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. In most of these conditions, vitamin E was ultimately higher in olein fraction as compared to stearin fraction, which is correlated with the high degree of unsaturation. Under a cooling rate of 0.3°C min−1, 90 rpm stirring speed, and ending crystallization of 38 °C, the highest vitamin E rich olein fraction was attained with 1479 ± 10.51 ppm in 50 g olein fraction as compared to 1366 ± 7.94 ppm in 500 g of unfractionated PFAD.
KW - Dry fractionation
KW - Palm fatty acid distillate
KW - Unsaturated and saturated fatty acid
KW - Vitamin E
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85104658633&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/aocs.12488
DO - 10.1002/aocs.12488
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85104658633
SN - 1558-9331
VL - 98
SP - 609
EP - 620
JO - Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
JF - Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
IS - 6
ER -