Designing conversational multimodal 3D printed models with people who are blind

3D printed models have been used to improve access to graphical information by people who are blind, offering benefits over conventional accessible graphics. Here we investigate an interactive 3D printed model (I3M) that combines a conversational interface with haptic vibration and touch to provide more natural and accessible experiences. Specifically, we co-designed a multimodal model of the Solar System with nine blind people and evaluated the prototype with another seven blind participants. We discuss our journey from a design perspective, focusing on touch, conversational and multimodal interactions. Based on our experience, we suggest design recommendations that consider blind users’ desire for independence and control, customisation, comfort and use of prior experience.