Design thinking in K-12 STEM education: transforming pedagogy and student outcomes

This chapter presents a rapid review of research literature exploring the role of design thinking in primary and secondary STEM education. It addresses two central questions: (1) What design thinking tools, techniques, methods, and characteristics are most effective in achieving optimal educational outcomes in K-12 settings? (2) How does design thinking influence STEM learning outcomes? The review identifies three key categories of tools: tools for thinking, working, and scaffolding learning, that support critical and creative thinking, teamwork, and digital literacy while catering to diverse learners. Core design thinking practices, such as empathy, prototyping, and iterative testing, are highlighted as essential for cultivating problem-solving skills and fostering a growth mindset. The chapter underscores how design thinking enhances STEM education by integrating interdisciplinary knowledges, developing 21st-century competencies, and nurturing positive dispositions like resilience, self-efficacy, and adaptability. Ultimately, design thinking equips students with the skills and mindsets needed to address real-world challenges innovatively and effectively.