CO₂ conversion and utilization pathways

The transition to net-zero or net-negative emission future implies avoidance of CO₂ emissions along with other greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, the research community and industry are progressively converging to a conclusion that CO₂ sequestration has serious limitations for the value proposition. Alternatively, creating a demand market and a revenue stream for the recovered almost-pure CO₂ may prevail over CO2 sequestration option and improve the economic feasibility of carbon capture technologies. As such, research in the carbon management field is seen to be shifting toward CO2 utilization, directly and indirectly, in energy and chemical industries. This chapter discusses physical and chemical CO2 utilization pathways and investigates the existing process integration scenarios and the performance assessment benchmarks.