TY - JOUR
T1 - Constraints to rare earth elements supply diversification
T2 - Evidence from an industry survey
AU - Ilankoon, I.M.S.K.
AU - Dushyantha, N. P.
AU - Mancheri, N.
AU - Edirisinghe, P. M.
AU - Neethling, S. J.
AU - Ratnayake, N. P.
AU - Rohitha, L. P.S.
AU - Dissanayake, D. M.D.O.K.
AU - Premasiri, H. M.R.
AU - Abeysinghe, A. M.K.B.
AU - Dharmaratne, P. G.R.
AU - Batapola, N. M.
N1 - Funding Information:
I.M.S.K. and N.M. would like to thank rare earth industry experts who participated in this work.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2022/1/10
Y1 - 2022/1/10
N2 - Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial to accomplishing renewable energy targets throughout the world, including electrical vehicles and wind energy. Despite the extensive requirements of REEs, current supply chains are mainly fulfilled by the Chinese rare earth (RE) industry. This has resulted in price volatility, supply chain uncertainties, and RE trade disputes. The authors identified 13 factors as constraints to develop RE supply chains outside China and these constraints were rated by the major RE companies outside China, including RE industry experts. The survey results obtained from RE industry experts have been statistically analysed to ascertain the key factors that affect the development of independent rare earth (RE) supply chains outside China. 4 key factors were identified as statistically important, among them, business uncertainties within the RE industry and the Chinese RE influences on global supply chains being the dominant factors.
AB - Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial to accomplishing renewable energy targets throughout the world, including electrical vehicles and wind energy. Despite the extensive requirements of REEs, current supply chains are mainly fulfilled by the Chinese rare earth (RE) industry. This has resulted in price volatility, supply chain uncertainties, and RE trade disputes. The authors identified 13 factors as constraints to develop RE supply chains outside China and these constraints were rated by the major RE companies outside China, including RE industry experts. The survey results obtained from RE industry experts have been statistically analysed to ascertain the key factors that affect the development of independent rare earth (RE) supply chains outside China. 4 key factors were identified as statistically important, among them, business uncertainties within the RE industry and the Chinese RE influences on global supply chains being the dominant factors.
KW - Electric vehicles (EVs) and magnets
KW - Rare earth elements (REEs)
KW - Rare earth industry
KW - Rare earth supply chains
KW - Renewable energy
KW - Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85120982544&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129932
DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129932
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85120982544
SN - 0959-6526
VL - 331
JO - Journal of Cleaner Production
JF - Journal of Cleaner Production
M1 - 129932
ER -
