TY - JOUR
T1 - Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population
T2 - 1993-2009
AU - Toms, Leisa Maree L.
AU - Guerra, Paula
AU - Eljarrat, Ethel
AU - Barceló, Damià
AU - Harden, Fiona A.
AU - Hobson, Peter
AU - Sjodin, Andreas
AU - Ryan, Elizabeth
AU - Mueller, Jochen F.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank: all of the mothers and babies who donated or attempted to donate their precious time and milk samples for this study; all of the local coordinators who assisted in the recruitment of participants and the subsequent collection and return of samples; all laboratory staff at Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology and the CDC. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology is co-funded by Queensland Health. This study was partly funded by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.
PY - 2012/10
Y1 - 2012/10
N2 - Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16. year period.Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19ngg-1lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10ngg-1lipid and nq to 9.2ngg-1lipid β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6ngg-1lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8ngg-1lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs=9.6ngg-1lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4ngg-1lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7ngg-1lipid) and 2009 (2.6ngg-1lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p=0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.
AB - Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16. year period.Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19ngg-1lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10ngg-1lipid and nq to 9.2ngg-1lipid β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6ngg-1lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8ngg-1lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs=9.6ngg-1lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4ngg-1lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7ngg-1lipid) and 2009 (2.6ngg-1lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p=0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.
KW - Blood serum
KW - Breast milk
KW - Brominated flame retardants
KW - HBCD
KW - Hexabromocyclododecane
KW - PBDEs
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84864103922&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053
DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053
M3 - Article
C2 - 22748388
AN - SCOPUS:84864103922
SN - 0045-6535
VL - 89
SP - 398
EP - 403
JO - Chemosphere
JF - Chemosphere
IS - 4
ER -
